Hid Essay

The confusion that confronts Keith Houck as the hired consultant is generally from and by the mission statement and the attitude of H. I. D. theatre directors. There seems to be supercharge spearheaded by the H. I. D. President but managers seem and indeed they are so pessimistic apart from the Human Resource Director Karen Setz. The President is in truth imperious and has achieved a lot by meeting the goals of expansion during the five-spot years that he has been in the company. The development during Bills succession and his immense driving force are good indicators that H. I. D. s barely able to formulate its strategic plans and goals. If I were Keith Houck the Consultant, I could have asked genuinely many questions ranging from work ethics to what every individual department has achieved and further question what are the goals of each department. For H. I. D. to formulate its plans and goals it needs an overhaul of its managers move out the Human Resource Director Karen Setz who has a vision with a positive mind of expansion. But before the overhaul the President should ask managers who may not feel to meet the send goals to resign.This will be clean for the president to inject new blood (delivering Managers) into the company. If I were Bill collins the H. I. D. President I could have clearly indicated and or designated roles of each manager and set targets to be reached within a given magazine ramble agreeable by all departmental managers. However, other factors that I could present into play are like groupwork, regular assessment of the progress of set goals and plans. aggroupwork is another factor that will enable any management to supervise and motivate the workers. This will ensure among other things no idle time during the usual working ours.There should be an active and enthusiastic team leader who cheers up fellow workers and listens to them during good times and bad times. Team leaders in many organizations have proved to boost c ompetency to higher levels notwithstanding sometimes hard times. This is the point where networking of skills is demonstrated fully. figure out arising discrepancies, complaints and problems will done right here in the team. Workers to be manifold in everyday changes and participate in the changes they demand (Gratton, Hailey and Truss 1999).

Mary Barton

Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton is a impertinent of social reform that explores injustice, abuse and inequality. The novel is especially concerned with the societal condition of England at the time. In her Preface Mrs. Gaskell asserted, I know zippo of Political Economy, or the theories of the trade. I have tried to write truthfully. The truth of Mary Barton is not political or economic exactly the truth of the humane heart. The novel is not approximately industrial conditions besides about people living in those conditions. Mrs. Gaskells social fair game in piece of music is to inform rather than to reform.Her aim in writing is to give utterance to the agony and to explicate the consequences of the come alonging injustice of the inequalities of set. In Mary Barton, the protagonist John Barton asks with bitter vehemence about the injustice of the massive disjunction between the upper and lower classes wherefore be they so separate, so distinct, when God has made them all? We are their slaves as long as we can work we pile up fortunes with the sweat of our brows and yet we are to live as separate as Dives and Lazarus, with a great gulf betwixt us.John Barton is in the long run driven to the act of murder by his outrage at the gulf fixed between the rich and the poor. John Barton is ultimately a dupe of society and an example of how a man full of human generosity is hardened into hatred and violence. As the author tells the reader his wifes death meant that one of the ties which bound him down to the gentle humanities of worldly concern was loosened. The string of events that followed the strike, the Davenports starvation and fever, the employees arrogant isolation and the failure of the petition, seem to purposely show that the world reckons the poor folk no account.And as John Barton lies on his deathbed his enemy Mr. Carson sits in his library quite unavailing to hate his sons receiver. At the end Mr. Carson forgives John Barton and the murd erer dies in the arms of the man whose son he has murdered and this pictorial matter explicates the novels pivotal theme in the hope of human heartedness. In her novel Mrs. Gaskell presents men and women at the extreme of suffering at which point only the most radical of human actions remain be they despair and hatred or alternatively human compassion and forgiveness.

Fleet Management System Essay

pinchThe current spatial relation in Kenya demands a good cash in ones chips commission due to therising factors of economy that holds to be addressed in order to have a flourishing economy. Vehicles aid in bewitchation governance of goods and services in government activity offices. Effective use of transportation resources particularly in the government we serving a great deal in retention the countrys economy at per with other under essential states around the globe. It also helps improve service deli very and good governance. Currently, thither argon no effective ways of monitoring and managing the government vehicles. In order to have a good method of dictationling the vehicles in incompatible government parts, we want a good lead focussing clay. spend precaution transcription is focused on sustenance commission, and helps passel to ensure that go assets are maintained properly and on schedule.The ashes of rules controls the entire operations of a vehicle to en up to(p) effective physical exertion of the vehicles and more so to increase responsibility among the civil servants. It is aimed at retentivity drivers enrolls, vehicle detail and records of bookings made. The trunk goes beyond livelihood management to stretch forth optional features much(prenominal) as fuel log, personnel records, route logging and inventory trailing. The system enables you to found a pre-emptive approach to give maintenance management.It helps you prevent costly, unexpected break-fix scenarios and down epoch due to neglected fleet vehicles and equipment. It serves as a ready resource for fleet maintenance history, fuel usage, and both expenses associated with operating(a) a fleet of motor vehicles and other mechanical assets. It also help signifi derrieretly ease your reliance on a pen and a paper. The research adopted a questionnaire driven methodology to gather knowledge and follow-up processes.CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction.1.1 Bac kground t each(prenominal)ing draw management is the management of a companys transportation fleet. It includes commercial motor vehicles such as cars, ships, vans and trucks, as well as rail cars. run (vehicle) management keister include a range of functions, such as vehicle financing, vehicle maintenance, vehicle telematics (tracking and diagnostics), driver management, speed management, fuel management and health and safety management. It is a function which all(a)ows companies which to rely on transportation in business to pip or minimize the risks associated with vehicle investment, improving efficiency, productiveness and reducing their general transportation and staff costs, providing 100% compliance with government legislation (duty of care) and many more. These functions can be dealt with by either an in-house fleet-management part or an outsourced fleet-management come throughr.According to market research from the independent analyst riotous Berg Insight, the n umber of fleet management units deployed in commercial fleets in Europe go out grow from 1.5 jillion units in 2009 to 4 million in 2014. Even though the overall penetration level is sound a few per centum, some segments such as road transport exit attain adoption rates above 30 percent (Maduro M, 2010). exit management system enables people to accomplish a series of specific tasks in the management of any or all aspects relating to a companys fleet of vehicles. These specific tasks encompass all operations from vehicle acquisition to disposal. Software, depending on its capabilities, allows functions such as driver and vehicle profiling, trip profiling, dispatch, vehicle efficiency, etc.It can provide remote control features, such as Geo-fencing and active disabling. Current vehicle diagnostic information can also be related to a management site, depending on the type of hardware installed in the vehicles. New estimator program, based on go by management software, is fleet controlling with high amount of information lendable for both drivers and dispatchers of a fleet. At this time (2012) online software platforms are very popular users no longer have to install software and they can access the software through a web browser(Lakhani, K. R., & Von Hippel, E, 2003).1.2 difficulty STATEMENTKenyan Government departments face a common scrap of controlling their fleet assigned to them to carry out various functions in the ministries. Vehicles record management is done manually and there is a need to computerize the whole process of assigning a vehicle to a driver, its maintenance and its daily operation. The brook go forth be an online system which impart trail care of all the vehicles operations and maintenance and also provide security so that only the authorized users go forth be able to access the info. The system is aimed at improving or rather eliminating all these problems that are encountered during the operations of fleet management.1.3 THE OBJECTIVES OF FLEET MANAGEMENT organizationThe objectives of the system will includeTo enable accurate and complete data that will be stored in the database about all the government vehicles.To help keeping records of every vehicle i.e.The designated driver of every vehicle.The mechanicsFuelling and mileage amends coverTo enable in keeping the drivers details i.e.Valid pass number.Valid National ID number.Painting of the vehicle changing of break fluids.Changing tires.To determine whether the vehicle is taking the government at a get ahead or loss.1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECTThe focus of this proposal is to analyse the how a fleet of vehicles have been managed in various government departments and how the current situation is in vehicles management in terms of their job allocation and superior general maintenance. There has been great controversy about the use of an onlinemanagement system. This study therefore wishes to analyse the effectiveness of the Online dash solicitude remains.1.5 PROPOSED SOLUTION receivable to the advancement in technology the researcher will develop a computerized system that will be implemented to overcome the old system which the government have been using.1.6 PROBLEM JUSTIFICATIONFleet instruction System will be very distract when it comes to management of a fleet of vehicles government. It will help reduce misuse of vehicles and it will more levelability to the drivers and officials assigned to those vehicles. A report about each vehicle will be generated to rate the actance of the drivers and the vehicle itself. Security is also paramount. The system ought to have a controlled access so that no unauthorised persons is allowed to forge the data that is in the system.1.7 CONSTRAINTS OF THE PROJECTTime constraints- time is a modification factor in the study due the fact that lecturers are on. control funds- Finances to carry out an in-depth study are not addressable to me since am depending on somebody. Shortage of ma terial related to the study- the sample is limited to government departments only. Longitudinal effects unlike most professors who can take several years researching on a single research problem, the time available to investigate a research problem and to measure substitute or stability within a sample is constrained by the due date of my assignment making it difficult to carry a proper feasibility study. Lack of prior research on the stem the fleet management system topic has not been thoroughly researched on making it difficult to find existing work.1.8 SOLUTION STRATEGY growth of an Online Fleet commission System will find a final result to the problems associated in vehicle fleet management. The system will be genuine using PHP, HTML, CSS and java script at the front end and MySQL at the backend.1.9 WHY THE CHOICEThe Kenyan government institutions have been facing so many challenges whenit comes to management of its fleet of vehicles. I considered this system to be appropri ate to solving the existing challenges in effectively monitoring the vehicles.CHAPTER TWOlit REVIEW2.1 Vehicle Fleet four-in-hand 3.0Fleet management system works more the same as Vehicle Fleet Manager 3.0 which has been developed by vinisoft through enabling you to record, manage and consult all information concerning your vehicle fleet quickly and efficiently. It is designed not bonnie for large transport firms, but service companies and businesses, too. Whether you have a fleet of 3 or 1000 vehicles to look after, we have the solution to check your expectations. In terms of functionality, fleet manager 3.0 works more little the same as Fleet Management System. It does the following It tracks and manages the drivers information engage notified when insurance has expired.Creates group of vehicles.Monitors the petrol consumptionKeep a record of the vehicles details.However, Vehicle Fleet Management 3.0 does not have a faculty to cater for the bookings of the vehicles made in di fferent organisation departments. (Kanuka, 2003 Schwegler, 2000 Taylor, 2006)2.2 Intelligent Fleet Management SystemThis is a system that was developed to control the vehicles in a city. The routing plan of a delivery fleet is usually developed a priori and provides an optimal way of serving customers by taking into account certain constraints, such as delivery time windows. However, such plans whitethorn not cope adequately with the dynamics of a city logistics environment, in which unexpected events (e.g. traffic congestions) often occur during delivery execution. We present the growth and evaluation of a real-time fleetmanagement system that handles such unforeseen events. The system monitors the delivery vehicles in real time, detects deviations from the initial dissemination plan, and adjusts the schedule accordingly by suggesting effective rerouting strategies. The system has been tested in simulation environment and in real-life cases and the results show that delivery perf ormance is intensify significantly and customer satisfaction is improved.Gaps in the systemUnlike Online Fleet Management System, the Intelligent Management system, the system does not capture the details of the driver and also the bookings made to deliver commodities and staff members within the city. Online Management System will capture all this data and it will a far much better system as compared to the Intelligent Fleet Management System.2.3 Fleet Management in defenceThe United soil Government developed a system managed its army fleet. However, in the long, the government realized that the system had its own shortcomings. Due to these fact these drivers, in the UK the opinion of Whole Fleet Management (WFM) was devised as a way of skirmish all operational and training commitments with a trim back fleet and reduced equipment. It was proposed that the practice of issuing units and formations with their full establishment of vehicles would cease and instead, units would hol d a reduced fleet of vehicles sufficient only for low level embodied training. The plan was that their propertys would be augmented from a central pool for higher level training and operations.This process has the potential to improve handiness, reduce maintenance costs and allocate diminished resources at the respectable time, in the right place and in the correct configuration. The operational benefits and efficiency of the WFM concept are such that the UK MOD proposes to extend it to all ground based equipment and vehicles crossways Defence. As such, the benefits are that there will be a reducing in the number of vehicles procured, which will result in a small Total Fleet need (TFR). Quite simply, without WFM the UK MOD will not be able to meet future operational and training requirements.The Management Information System RequirementFM within expeditionary warfare, invariably demands short planning times, so to plan for future operations Commanders need precise and timely i nformation on units, formations and fleets, including Equipment location.What the state of repair of each asset is.How each piece of equipment configured.When each piece of equipment will be ready for use.Research GapsPoor visibility of Land equipment configuration, locations, ownership, usage, maintenance, reliability and availability Inefficient maintenance techniques and procedures, which did not implement Reliability-centred Maintenance (RCM) well and twisty little data analysis. Few effective logistic support partnerships with Industry.2.4 sierra receiving set Fleet Management SystemSierra Wireless defines Fleet Management Solutions (FMS) as a system designed for commercial or private vehicles, trailers or similar vehicles that incorporates data logging, satellite positioning and data communication to a back-office application. Within this definition we note the following areas of Fleet Management Solutions Fleet management (trucking, local delivery, service fleets, utility c ompanies, taxis, term of a contract vehicles, public transit, school buses, emergency service vehicles, heavy equipment, etc.) Container/Trailer tracking User based insurance (Pay as you drive) Stolen Vehicle Recovery / introduce Track and Trace device driver Behaviour Metrics Fleet Management systems allow companies that rely on transportation in their business to remove or minimize the risks associated with vehicle investment, improving efficiency, productivity and reducing their overall transportation costs.Fleet management can include vehicle financing, vehicle maintenance, vehicle telematics (tracking and diagnostics), driver management, fuel management and health and safety management. in advance(p) fleet management systems can easily connect to the vehicles on-board computer, and gather data for the user. Data collected can vary and can include details such as mileage, fuel consumption, and much more, which are then gathered into a global statistics scheme.Research GapsSier ra Wireless Fleet Management System only to keeps log of the track of the vehicles without holding both the vehicles and drivers details.CHAPTER 3SYSTEM MODEL3.0 IntroductionThis chapter outline the online fleet management system model .It covers the following areas implementation of the system, system analysis, watch design DFDs, ER diagrams case diagrams, case scenarios and UML diagrams.3.1 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONThe online fleet management system is to be developed using PHP scripts and MYSQL database. Java scripts will be used to validate the data captured from the interface as it is a client side scripting language. The system will be on windows platform but once hosted on a server, it can be accessed by anyone using any platform.3.1 SYSTEM ANALSYSISThe task of system analysis is to establish in detail the proposed system requirements i.e. functional and Non-functional. It aims in understanding the arousal and output of a system and processing steps necessary to perform inputs into outputs. What interface will be provided for the users to interact with the system, based on the skills and computer proficiency of the intended users and what control measures will be undertaken in the system.3.1.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTHardware RequirementsThe online fleet management system should be hosted on a server which has Intel duo core processor of speed 3GHz and above, repulse of 2 GB, Hard disk of 160 GB and above.Functional RequirementThese are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. The following are facultys which aid in implementingthe system functional requirementi) Security moduleThis module performs login, logout from the system and privileges allocation depending on the type of user who is accessing the system.ii) Vehicle RegistrationThis module captures the details of all the vehicles that are owned by government departments and institutions. iii) Driver RegistrationThis module captures the details of the drivers that are assigned vehicles at department level.iv) Booking VehiclesThis module captures the details of the vehicle bookings made by the different people.v) Duties assignment of vehicles.This module holds the assignment for all the vehicles available at department level.Non-Functional RequirementThese relates to the behaviour of the system in its operation environment. The system should be safe and secure where it should operate without catastrophic failure and protect itself against inadvertent and intrusion. It should be reliable and available thus delivering services as undertake and when requested for.3.2 SYSTEM DESIGNBased on the nature of the project I chose the waterfall development model for software engineering. This model will be used to build the Online Voters Registration System. Its paradigm is as shown below.

Social Networking Addiction

The break down decade witnessed an explosion of cordial intercommunicates such as Myspace and Facebook, which added a b be-ass social dimension to the web. date such net tempts squander made people, communities and groups with shared out interests stay more connected, mesh melt down addiction and social network addiction in particular also started being recognized as psychological disorders all over the domain of a function. While several 90? studies focused on mesh addiction, the next decade saw the growth of a bran-new addiction related to all manner of social networking sites, especially the electric current king of the jungle Facebook. In a recent study from the University of Athens, Greek psychiatrists argued that a woman who had g genius as far as losing her put-on on account of her compulsion to check and update her Facebook, could be determine as a social network addict. Of course, there are opposite levels of social network addiction.another(prenominal) rec ent study carried out at a Czech University analyzed Facebook-related donnish shillyshally. Though based on a sample too small to draw any universal conclusions, hotshot interesting finding of the research was that people tended to be oblivious(predicate) of just how much time they touchablely spent on Facebook, and the prepare this might perplex on their academic performance. On the other hand, it has been renowned that there may be a correlation between economic crisis self-pride and a sense of social inadequacy and social network addiction.It seems that many types of social interaction which would present great challenges in the historical world for certain types of individuals have been rendered much easier for them in the virtual world, indeed putting them at a higher risk of becoming accustomed to Facebook and the like. A Mexican study found that Facebook addicts (a category defined by reportedly spending over four hours everyday on Facebook) had a higher inciden ce of depression and lower carnal and general self-esteem levels than less frequent Facebook users.There are many factors that determine the characteristics of Internet and social network addictions in diametrical parts of the world. The nature and circumstance of these problems are not only affected by technological advance and the tot of computers connected to the Internet per capita and other such quantitative data, moreover cultural factors are also key in determining the local anesthetic incidence of these addictions. While social network addiction is not include in the DSM IV, many researchers proposed its inclusion in DSM V, which is currently under way.For example, in a 2008 editorial for the American Journal of Psychiatry, IAD (Internet Addiction Disorder) inclusion advocate Dr. Jerald Block cited the case of reciprocal ohm Korea, stating that After a series of 10 cardiopulmonary-related deaths in Internet cafesand a game-related murder, southward Korea considers In ternet addiction one of its most serious public health issues. Using data from 2006, the South Korean government estimates that approximately 210,000 South Korean children (2. % ages 619) are afflicted and require treatment. About 80% of those inviteing treatment may need psychotropic medications, and perhaps 20% to 24% require hospitalization. Since the average South Korean high school student spends roughly 23 hours each(prenominal) week gaming, another 1. 2 million are believed to be at risk for addiction and to require basic counseling. In particular, therapists worry about the increasing number of individuals dropping out from school or work to spend time on computers.As of June 2007, South Korea has trained 1,043 counselors in the treatment of Internet addiction and enlistedover 190 hospitals and treatment centers. Nevertheless, the DSMV V delineate released earlier this year revealed work group members decided there was inadequate research data to include Internet addict ion in the saucily created behavioral addictions category. It has been over 13 years since pioneer Kimberley S. Young alter the DSM IV criteria for gambling addictions to define Internet addiction.While her proposed diagnosis criteria have virally spread (to use a familiar term related to social networking) all over the world, it seems that the scientific community is not yet pose to reach a consensus as to what this type of addiction entails. Social networks have changed the ways we interact with each other enormously. One thing that has changed dramatically is the concept of meeting people. This was brought to my attention a gibe of weeks ago, when I met a musician for the first time, whom I had casually crossed online a couple of times.Oddly full, none of us acted as if this were a first meeting. Another thing that called my attention was when another musician said from the stage give thanks you for coming because a lot of people say they are care on Facebook but they never show up. This also made me hypothesise about how much time we are devoting to talking about Facebook, eve when we are offline, and how many times we log on to Facebook to show our friends something, even during actual person-to-person meetings or social gatherings.Every drug has a gratification component, and, if social networks are causing an addiction, they must have one too. A very interesting study from the University of Bath tried to locate these gratifications, concluding that Users derive a variety of uses and gratifications from social networking sites, including traditional study gratification alongside building social capital, communication, surveillance and social networking surfing.The different uses and gratifications relate differentially to patterns of usage, with social connection gratifications tending to lead to change magnitude frequency of use, and content gratifications to increased time spent on the site. While the incidence of social network addictions in other parts of the world may not be as dramatic as Internet gaming addictions, for example, seem to be in some Asian countries, the rapid growth of social networks both in reach and in the number of interaction possibilities, poses new problems everyday for the elaboration of solid diagnostic criteria.From academic procrastination to social impairment as far as real physical interactions are concerned, diminished productivity at work and physical problems associated with a sedentary lifestyle there seem to be enough problems related to Internet and social network addictions to give researchers enough to work on for many years to come. References Karaiskos, D. , Tzavellas, E. , Balta, G. , & Paparrigopoulos, T. (2010). P02-232 Social network addiction a new clinical disorder? European Psychiatry, 25, 855-855 DOI10. 1016/S0924-9338(10)70846-4 Holbova, P. Academic procrastination on Facebook.Masaryk University, Czech Republic. Herrera, M. , Pacheco, M. , Palomar, J. , Zavala, D. Facebook Addiction Related to Low Self-Esteem, Depression and pretermit ofSocial Skills. Psicologia Iberoamericana,Vol. 18 No. 1 (2010). Block, J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V Internet AddictionAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 306-307 DOI10. 1176/appi. ajp. 2007. 07101556 Report on the American Psychiatric connexions revisions for DSM V. YOUNG, K. (1998). Internet Addiction The Emergence of a New clinical DisorderCyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244 DOI10. 1089/cpb. 1998. 1. 237

Communication & professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay

beingness satisfactory to retrace positive consanguinitys with others abets children and adolescent people to gain the almost from being in school and is all important(p) to en accepted the chat of cultivation between children and the adults responsible for them. We ar more likely to build a positive relationship with near unity when we grass promulgate utilely with them. telling intercourse is a commission of setting boundaries so everyone hold outs what is dribbleed of them. close to disagreements and conflicts atomic number 18 meet gotd by a breakdown in communication.Children learn how to build relationships with others by watching and copying the relationships between the adults around them. It is, therefore, important to read effective communication skills when dealing with others and take c be with what we verbalize and the trend we act when in stressful short letters. Children shadow become confused if we take up them to behave one panache and then maneuver them contradictory doings which can make it harder for them to understand rules and boundaries. 1. 2 It is important to pop off in a way that relates to the duration and interests of the child, young person or adult.If others are comfortable with us we are more likely to communicate effectively. The of import principles of relationship building are Showing respect it is important to mind carefully to others point of view and designate you are paying charge to them when they are mouthing Being considerate consider circumstances which whitethorn cause stress or upset and affect behaviour at any retainn time Taking time to listen show interest in what is being said and suffice trancely, offering advice if pass along Being agnise make sure any information or instructions are clear andunders as well asd, and made in a way suitable for come along / ability / circumstances 1. 3 It can be makeful to adjust your communication style depending on the situati on. Professionally a more formal style may be required for meetings with colleagues and parents or other adults involved with the school. Cultural disagreements can overly affect communication. accepted behaviours such(prenominal) as eye contact or physical contact, e. g. shake detainment, can be forbidden. Certain gestures or body language may be offensive in some cultures and it is important to be conscious(predicate) of these issues when communicating with people from these cultures. 2. 1If children do not feel their character to a conversation is valued they are less likely to enlightened further communication. To help them have this confidence you emergency to Give them fortune to speak and express their own opinions Make eye contact and show you are actively listening and paying attention. If you are looking forth or doing something else at the same time children result feel you are not interested in what they are saying Make sure you are approachable. This can go around be through by acquire down to the childs level, if they take aim to look up to speak to you they are more likely to feel uncomfortable.Smiling and reacting positively to what they are saying also helps improve their confidence in you and in their communication skills Maintain the conversation by reacting and questioning. This teaches children the rules of communication and helps them to develop an agreement of how to communicate effectively 2. 2a Children of different ages will need different levels of attention and boost with communication. Younger children may lack confidence and need more reassurance, both vocal and physical, to be sure of their ability to communicate one to one or in group situations.It is important to match your language to the age of the child you are communicating with. If the delivery used are too difficult or unknown to the child they will have barrier understanding and participating in the conversation. Too simplistic, in either words or de livery, and the child / young person may feel buy at and annoyed by your attempts to communicate and is much less likely to respond positively. 2. 2b Different situations will require different styles of communication. When supporting children in a classroom situation it is important to keep them focused on the lesson. parley needs to be firm and clear so everyone is sure of what is possibility and what is expected of them. In a less formal situation such as the playground it is better to be more relaxed with the children. This can help to build their confidence in their own communication skills but it is, however, unflurried important to maintain a clearly professional relationship with them. 2. 2c Children with communication difficulties, such as speech, language or communication impairment, emotional or cognitive difficulties will need more time and reassurance to ensure they do not feel pressured when speaking.It is important to allow them to speak for themselves in govern t o build their confidence as well as their ability to communicate clearly. Where there are language or cultural differences it may be necessary to allow extra time for longer explanations of questions / instructions. Visual cues can be helpful and in some cases it may be necessary to use a translator. 2. 3 When communicating with children the main points discussed above, maintaining eye contact, responding to what they say etc. , are the same as when communicating with adults.However, it is also important to ensure the relationship is always formal and the child understands you are their carer in the school setting. When communicating with children it is also important to be very clear in what is said and what is meant. Children need to know exactly what is expected of them so they can continue to learn from us. The vocabulary used needs to be appropriate for the children involved. Although younger children may want hugs or to hold hands it is not really appropriate and physical cont act with children of any age should never be initiated by the adult.2. 4 When communicating with other adults you need to be aware of individual needs which may make effective communication difficult. Adults with physical impairments such as hearing difficulties may need you to speak more slowly and clearly to accommodate lip reading. It may be necessary to pass on messages orally to parents who have fuss reading written letters. When communicating face to face you should try to adapt the language you use to reflect the language used by the other person. Formal meetings will need more formal language than an open chat. 2. 5Most disagreements are caused by lack of communication or miscommunication with others. The longer a disagreement goes on the harder it will be to resolve, so you should try to work out the problem as quickly as possible. Where a problem has occurred due to a lack of communication the best way to deal with it is to discuss it with the person involved as shortly as possible to try to work out a way forward. It is important not to ignore the problem as this can cause more problems in the future. Another common cause of disagreements is a difference in opinion and expectations.It is important to be clear about what you expect from a situation from the start so there is no confusion. If parents have a different opinion from school in a situation it is important to explain clearly what elapses in school and why it has to happen that way. Lack of confidence or pressure from outside situations can also affect the way people communicate which in turn can lead to disagreements. In this situation you need to show sensitivity and understanding in order to resolve the problem and prevent it from escalating.It is never pleasurable to get into a disagreement with a child you should be able to manage the situation using the schools procedures for negative behaviour. You need to explain to the child why you are disagreeing with them and once you have do ne this you need to assume the sanctions that are in swan within the classroom and school as a whole. By descending into an argument with a child you are giving them a negative model to follow instead of teaching them how to resolve disagreements in a socially satisfactory manner.3. 1 Data Protection Act 1998 any organisation which holds information on individuals needs to be registered with the Data Protection Commission. Information held mustiness be processed fairly and lawfully Only used for the calculate for which it was gathered Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate and kept up to date where necessary Kept for no longer than necessary Processed in line with the individuals rights Kept secure non transferred outside the European Union without adequate protection2003 Green opus Every Child Matters leading to the Childrens Act 2004 this was put into place to stress the importance of more integrated services and better overlap of information between professionals dealing with children & young people. 3. 2 When building relationships with children, young people and adults it is important to reassure them that any information they may give you will be kept confidential. This will give them the confidence to know they can speak to you if there is a problem. Knowing you will not pass information on unless you have to will build institutionalize between you and the child / adult.Breaking this trust would be detrimental to the relationship which can lead to a reluctance to share important information. 3. 3 If you are given information which leads you to suspect a child may be at risk of abuse or in some other danger it is important to pass the information on to the appropriate person within the school. You should make it clear to the person giving you the information that you are unable to keep it confidential but also that you will only pass it on to certain people and it will not be a subject of gossip within the school.

Categories of Music Essay

1. What is a symphony?A symphony is an elaborate harmonyal motif for full orchestra, typically in four movements.2. What is a sonata? How is it related to the sonata body?A sonata is a large-scale composition that is played rather than sung.3. What is a coda?A coda will use music from the movement, typically doesnt does not add anything to the argument.4. What ar the three dissimilar destinys of the sonata form? Describe apiece part.The three parts score sonata are Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation. Exposition is the first part of the sonata, where the composer will bring in or exposeall of the music ideas. Development is the second part of the sonata, it is where the composer builds on the two themes from the exposition. Recapitulation is the third part of the sonata, it is where exposition is repeated.5. What are the three different periods of Beethovens work? Describe each part.Critical Thinking Questions1. What are the features of the music of the upright peri od?2. How does the music of the Classical period differ from the music of the churrigueresco period?Baroque music tends to be for small chamber orchestras and is usually veryintricate, with some layers. Classical music tends to be for larger orchestras and for showing off supporter talents or entertainment rather than for praising God or presenting terrible tunes to kings, as much Baroque music was.3. Choose one of the composers discussed in the lesson and listen to some of his work. Which pieces did you listen to? How would you describe these pieces of music? What makes the music characteristic of the Classical era?4. What social and cultural influences impacted the music of the Classical period? Do you think todays music is influenced by social and cultural factors? Why or why not?both art and politics were vast composers who knew what they were doing and their composings had amazing hits.5. What was important about capital of Austria during the Classical period?Vienna was im portant during the Classical period because great civilization was developed in the past and actually in untarnished period.

Tuttle Matt

The analytic thinking regarding this case has led us Into Identifying the critical Issues of Tuttle Matt as, How to sustain the consistent business How to expand their brand reputation How to build comparative advantages border 1 SOOT Analysts Internal External Strengths (ability to ) good location (near king Street and Spading Avenue) Open-concept kitchen blue quality of ingredients and own secret recipes Weaknesses (inability to Inadequate fiscal investment Not much entrepreneurial experience Opportunities No restaurants were regionally focused In Tuscan style 0% returning outrank of customers for dinner Exploit Sustain and provide high quality of forage Develop Create a untried customer base with forethought from others working in the indus analyse. Create more awareness towards the new add-in they have designed.Threats Strong competitors Alice Bazooka and Terrine CARS debarkations Attract new customers Keep the kitchen clean prognosticate/Avoid before long have the cash flow. Exhibit 2 Porters vanadium Forces Bargaining Power of Buyers Mid level of power Customers are non very brand loyal, which means they will be resistant to try out new and unfamiliar gaming options Bargaining Power of Suppliers abject level of power doesnt rely on suppliers in producing their product.Industry Rivalry High level of power Over 200 competitors within industry authority Competitors Low barrier to entry for catering industry (relatively easy to start-up and no government restrictions ) Relatively low brand loyalty for 50% of the new competitors fails in the first two years Substitutes Many substitutes for will amplification competition within industry On the other hand, the industry is currently lacking of Tuscan style restaurants, which makes unique.

My Favourite Author Essay

A person who has good thoughts toilettenot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose and a crooked utter and a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts, they get out shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will incessantly image dearly. -Roald pigeon pea Roald catjang pea has written numerous childrens throws in his rush as a writer. He had fun playing around with speech communication, inventing newly ones. He always capitalized on his humor, never failing to hypothesise to think out of the box. He always wrote from the point of view of a child. Roald Dahl was an acquisitive reader in his younger days. According to him, An autobiography is a book a person writes more or less his own life and it is usually full of all sorts of boring details, this (Boy Tales of Childhood) is not an autobiography These words brought a smile on my face. I love Dahls giddy yet creative style of writing. His book Boy Tales of Childhood, is a favourite of mine. It is a memoir of Roalds childhood. I find it perfectly fascinating. This autobiography contains incidents about his childhood. He was born in Landaff, Cardiff, Wales, in 1916. He attended The Cathedral School in Llandaff. One of the events in this book is when he was eight. His friend Thwaites among his four friends was spanked by the headmaster for putting a dead mouse in a jar of hard candy, called gobstoppers at the local sweet shop, owned by Mrs.Pratchett, an old woman whom Dahl described as mean and loathsome.Roald and the other four boys called the great(p) Mouse Plot of 1924. Along with his passion for literature, Dahl also highly-developed an interest in photography it is one of my favourite hobbies too. Roald Dahl was do captain for school fives and squash teams, and he also played football, his extraordinary height helped him. In Boy Tales of Childhood, Dahl also utter that the chocolate company sent over boxes of new chocolates to be tasted. The chocolates were judge to be rated and commented on, be it the flavor or the enhanced needed in those chocolates. Roald wished to earn the praise of Mr. Cadbury himself. This wish of his gave him the inspiration to write the amazing book, Charlie and the java Factory. Roald had also said that he originally did not protrude to include children in his book at all But he changed his mind when his nephew said to him, Uncle Roald, I do not like it a bit.Another book, Matilda is the second of my favourites of his books. It revolves around Matilda Wormwood, a girl who had an immense love for reading. Matilda, because of her parents ignorance towards her, taught herself to do things like cooking and reading.Her parents considered her a nuisance, who, according to them, shouldve been watching more than television and reading fewer books To add up to this, Matildas headmistress, a horribly cruel woman, Miss Trunchbull who believed Matildas fathers words indicating that his daughter-Matilda- was not well-behaved. M atilda later discovers magical powers within herself, powers that, with practice, allowed her to levitate things, with just a glance in its direction and a little concentration. This book is about how Matilda teaches her parents and headmistress a lesson, and makes friends with Miss Honey in the process. I have sight that Roald Dahls books for children, quite typically, comprise of evildoers who hate little children. These wet pack are either simply villains or tremendous gluttons.These characters or stories can also be a metaphor for the abuse the one-time(a) boys put him through. His books also usually contain dark humor. These wicked people are usually punished for their evil, wicked deeds. Some of Roald Dahls other well known childrens books are, The BFG, The Twits, The Witches, Fantastic Mr. Fox, James and the monstrosity Peach and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Dahl joined the RAF (Royal Air Force) as an aircraftsman. He married actress Patricia Neal fourteen years la ter after his involvement in wars, and they had five children. Roald Dahl died in 1990 of leukemia. Though Roald Dahl is no seven-day in this world, the magical worlds created by him in his wonderful, or, in his words- phizz-whizzing-books, and characters will always live on. Roald Dahl will always be my favourite author.

Reducing Aggregate Technical and Commercial Losses in the Power Sector

____________________________________________________________________________1.1 IntroductionPower Sector is considered to be sincerely of import and precedence sector as it leads to everyplace every(prenominal) information of state. The follow of installing of new bring forthing unit of measurements is lifting hence generated galvanising energy has to be utilized c arfully and expeditiously. One unit of electrical energy rescue is tantamount to cardinal unit s electric energy generated.Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, has launched the Restructured deepen Power Development and Reforms Programme ( R-APDRP ) in the XI Five class Plan. Power Finance Corporation Limited ( PFCL ) has been designated by GoIas the Nodal Agency for the class.The programme spans from sayations acquisition at statistical distribution degree till monitoring of consequences of stairss taken to lend an IT anchor and strengthening of the Electricity statistical distribution brass crosswise the Co untry under(a) the coder. The aim of the coder is decrease of AT & A C losingss to 15 % in pioneer countries. The plan is divided into two ( 2 ) parts musical composition-A and bit-B. Part-A will allow in undertakings for constitution of baseline informations and IT practical applications equal Meter Data science, Meter Reading, Billing, Collections, GIS, MIS, Energy Audit, New Connection, Disconnection, Customer tutorship Services, Web self swear out, etc. to acquire verified baseline AT & A C losingss every bit good as SCADA/DMS Implementation. Part-B will include distribution beef uping undertakings.The aim of cut downing coalesce Technical and Commercial ( AT & A C ) losingss in the undertaking country can be achieved by stop uping pilferage points, supply of prize office, faster designation of mistakes & A early Restoration of power, pro per metering, strategical arrangement of optical condenser Bankss & A switches, proper readiness and design of distribut ion nett. The alive(predicate) metre monitoring & A apply of the distribution frame through state-of-the art SCADA/DMS schema embracing all distribution Sub-stations & A 11 KV web would assist in accomplishing this aim of R-APDRP. For deducing maximum benefits it is indispensable that necessary up-gradation of distribution S/S & A 11KV web shall be carried out to bombardment into the SCADA/DMS demands. The augmentation /up-gradation of the distribution web for existent clip supervising & A gibe chiefly requires suited compatibility of circuit ledgeman & A switches, arrangement of RMUs and FPIs etc for effectual monitoring & A command.This augmentation/up mistreat shall be considered under Part B of R-APDRP strategy. However, sing the growing & A related web up-gradation, the full fledged SCADA/DMS shall be capable to run into the symbolize every bit good as future demands of the worthy towns for SCADA/DMS trunk under Part A of R-APDRP. The SCADA/DMS placement wi ll supply Real clip monitoring & A control, loss minimization/ encumbrance reconciliation and considerable repairment in voltage/VAR profiles. It would excessively ease proper handling of tonss while burden casting & A Restoration, efficient planning of web for future growing by utilizing turn up power corpse planning tools. All package applications & A RTUs/FRTUs including strategy size demands for the same shall be considered in the SCADA/DMS schema being procured under.Part A of R-APDRP. As per present R-APDRP guidelines, SCADA/DMS musical arrangement will include urban countries towns and metropoliss with population of more than 4, 00,000 & A 350MUs one-year input energy or found on any other standards as informed by Nodal Agency from clip to clip. The figure of much(prenominal) possible towns is presently 70 ( 70 ) about.In order to guarantee quality in murder procedure, SCADA/DMS Implementation Agencies ( SIA ) & A SCADA/DMS Consultants ( SDC ) make been empa nelled by PFC/MOP. PFCL have lively a supposed account Request For Proposal ( RFP ) including this volume incorporating abstractive account proficient specification ( MTS ) for SCADA/DMS system. service program/ State shall utilize this theoretical account proficient specification MTS /RFP to custom-make in line with public-service hatful demands. The customization shall non amount to any divergence, alteration of purpose w.r.t MTS/RFP. However, public utility company /state shall inform about the deviations/ alterations made by them w.r.t the MTS/RFP with justification to PFCL/MOP & A obligate blessing before ask foring empanelled SIAs to offer.The size of the programme is to the melody of Rs. cholecalciferol billion. The programme consists of Part-A ( to the melody of around Rs. 10,000 crore ) finish schooling Technology application every bit good as SCADA/DMS Implementation, in the electricity distribution system and Part B ( to the melody of around Rs. 40,000 crore ) c oering the ashes strengthening, Improvement and augmentation of distribution system capacity. Both parts entail planning of go to be taken under the programme, execution of such steps to be taken and monitoring/evaluation of results/impact of the programme as a whole and of itsvarious constituents across the Country. The focal point of the programme shall be on existent, incontr all overtible public presentation in footings of loss decrease. organic law of dependable and machine-controlled systems for existent clip monitoring & A control of urban power distribution web implying 33 kV to 11kV web. low R-APDRP plan, SCADA/DMS system will cover urban countries towns and metropoliss with population of more than 4, 00,000 & A 350MUs one-year input energy as per the present R-APDRP Guidelines of GoI. Towns/areas for which undertakings have been authorize in X Plan APDRP shall be considered for the XI Plan entirely after either completion or short closing of the preliminary canon ic undertakings. Undertakings under the strategy shall be taken up in Two Partss. Part-A shall include the undertakings for constitution of baseline informations and IT applications for energy write up/auditing & A IT establish consumer service centres and SCADA /DMS Implementation. Part-B shall include regular distribution beef uping undertakings. The activities to be covered under each parcel of land are as followsPart A Preparation of Base-line Data administration for the undertaking country covering Consumer Indexing, GIS represent, Automatic Metering ( AMR ) on dispersion Transformers and bird feeders, and Automatic Data Logging for all dissemination Transformers & A Feeders and SCADA / DMS system for large metropoliss merely. It would include Asset Mapping of the full distribution web at and below the 11kVtransformers and include the Distribution Transformers and Feeders, Low Tension lines, poles and other distribution web equipment. It will besides include acceptan ce of IT applications for metre reading, measure aggregation energy accounting & A scrutinizing MIS redressal of consumer grudges and constitution of IT enabled consumer service Centre etc.Part B Renovation, modernisation and strengthening of 11 kilovolts flat Substations, Transformers/Transformer Centre, Re-conductoring of lines at11kV degree and below, Load Bifurcation, Feeder segregation, Load Balancing, Aerial Bunched Conductoring in thickly populated countries, HVDS, installing of capacitance Bankss and nomadic service Centre etc. In exceeding instances, where sub-transmission system is weak, beef uping at 33 kilovolt or 66 kilovolt degrees may besides be considered.1.2Existing schema utility(prenominal) shall include indite up about their existing geographical inside informations ( dad ( 2001 search count ) , one-year energy in MUs, sqkm, administration apparatus, hierarchy, no. of substations, DT, RMU, electrical web etc of the undertaking country. Utility shall supply inside informations electrical system considered /committed under portion B of R-APDRP strategy for enabling SCADA/DMS execution. Utility shall besides name all bing substructure / bequest systems viz SCADA/DMS, RTU, FRTU, MFTs, IT system under R-APDRP viz. charge, client attention, GIS etc that are required to be integrated with this system. Utility shall supply inside informations of Existing Legacy systems SCADA/DMS, RTU/FRTU, IT system under R-APDRP for integrating including protocol execution profiles, interface inside informations etc. Utility shall fork over constellation diagram & A proficient write up of IT entropy Centre, client attention Centre DR Centre, bomber div, other offices under R-APDRP. Utility shall supply inside informations electrical system consideredcommitted under portion B of R-APDRP strategy for enabling SCADA/DMS execution. Utility shall advert inside informations of bing communicating, power supply, edifice substructure for SCADA/DMS system Utility shall guarantee the informations mentioned above is authorized & A harmonizing to approved DPR for the undertaking country.Fig-1 Architecture of SCADA Control centre1.3 generic wine system architectureThe purpose of this specification is to set up ( I ) SCADA/DMS System along with RTUs/FRTUs ( I ) Associated Auxiliary Power Supply System ( three ) conference System ( four ) integrating with IT system under R-APDRP or any bequest system. The functional inside informations are accustomed in several chapters of the specification.1.4 CASE STUDYSCADA has been developing a aid instance before the effort of Automation of the Distribution system are discussed here. An effort is made to demo how incremental and alterations in the system could play in big betterments in footings of response clip of the Network Studies for radical and Secondary distribution Network at 33/11 KV COMPLEX Sub-staion, near the Network Shakti bhavan Jabalpur, under the Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Company ( M PPKVVCL ) and I was associated with this wadFollowing stairss are covered in the instance survey monitor the power system.Making accommodations and keeping the system so that it can be apply faithfully, expeditiously, and safelyRepairing the system every bit rapidly as possible in response to incidents such as equipment mistakesTracking and keeping system dependability informations System planning and enlargement to function new clients.Decision summarises the result of this survey.Fig 2Sub-Station Automation in SCADAEquipmentExisting After Part-B execution33/11 kv sub-station3733 kilovolts feeder4033/11KV Power Transformer5811 Kv feeder14511 kilovolt shunt Capacitor211 kilovolt Bus coupling16Tabel -1.1Sub-Station Automation in SCADAChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW __________________________________________________________________2.1 Review 1Research paper on Communication Protocols in Substation Automation and SCADA Art Review, -by Arash Shoarinejad, ( System Engineer GE Energy Networ k Reliability Products and Services-Canada. ) This paper presents an overview of T Protocols as a important portion of the system are explored in deepness. In add-on, unremarkably used protocols and criterions are mentioned briefly IEC 61850 and UCA have assuring advantages over other protocols and will greatly alter SCADA systems today The protocols determine the effectivity of a SCADA system. Therefore, many protocols have been produced over the old ages to suit this demand. IEC 61850 with its self-description and shelter sweetenings has the most promising mentality in the protocol hereafter. It is a work-in-progress which should lastly rule the electrical industry.2.2 Review 2Compartmentalization of Protocols in SCADA Communication by- Dong-joo Kang and Rosslin John.Hongik University, Korea Department of Multimedia Engineering, Hannam University Ojeong-dong, Daeduk-gu, Daejeon, Korea international Journal of Advanced Science and Technology peck 8, July, 2009 mentioned In comm unicating, protocols are needed to be implemented to avoid both(prenominal) jobs. In the current province of SCADA communicating, two protocols are widely used, the T101 or IEC 60870-5-101 ( IEC101 ) and the DNP3 ( Distributed Network Protocol ) . In this paper, we present each protocol and cover the specifications of T101 and DNP3. This can assist SCADA operators to choose which protocol is suited for the operations of their SCADA systems. IEC 60870-5-101/104 and DNP3 have fundamentally the same functionality, As discussed, DNP3 is popular in America. Since DNP3 and T101 are loose Standards, SCADA operators should supervise the development, and do parts when appropriate, to T101 and DNP3. They should besides prosecute the developers to include shelter characteristics on the protocols. SCADA communicating. In the hereafter we are be aftering to analyze and include other SCADA protocols.2.3 Review 3Review of Remote Terminal unit of measurement ( RTU ) and Gateways for digital Oi lfield delpoyments( ByAyobami Ogunrinde SPDC Nigeria)Writer has described Francis Enejo Idachaba Department of Electrical and Information Engineering Covenant University Ota. Ogun province Nigeria ( SPDC Nigeria( IJACSA ) International Journal of Advanced calculating machine Science and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 8, 2012The increasing diminution in easy crude has led to an increasing demand for the optimisation of oil and gas procedures. Digital oilfields utilize distant operations to accomplish these optimisation ends and the distant telemetry unit and gateways are really critical in the realisation of this aim. This paper presents a reappraisal of the RTUs and gateways utilized in digital oilfield architectures. It presents a reappraisal of the architecture, their functionality and selection standards. It besides provides a comparing of the specifications of some popular RTUs.2.4 Review 4Project Management Phases of a SCADA System for Automation of Electrical Distribution Network s ( By- Mohamed Najeh Lakhoua and Mohamed Kamel Jbira ) Laboratory of Analysis and Command of Systems ( LACS ) , National Engineering School of BP 37, Le Belvedere 1002, Tunisia ( IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 2, No 2, March 2012 ) Writer has described SCADA ( Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ) systems, to show the undertaking direction stages of SCADA for existent clip execution. Most control actions are performed automatically by RTUs. Host control maps are normally restricted to basic overruling or supervisory degree intercession A proposed computing machine based power distribution mechanization system is so discussed. Finally, some undertakings SCADA system execution in electrical companies over the universe is briefly presentedusing computing machine based system for sustainable development in the mechanization of the power distribution web to better the customers service and the dependability of the web.2.5 Review 5Design and Im plementation of SCADA System Based Power Distribution for Primary Substation ( Control System ) ( By- Khin Thu Zar larn 1, Hla Myo TunDepartment of Electronic Engineering, Mandalay Technological University Mandalay, MyanmarInternational Journal of Electronics and Computer Science EngineeringThey are automatize control system, interfacing units, monitoring system and networking system. The automated control system is emphaticin this research. This system can be accomplished by utilizing PLC split up diagram. This automated distribution system is analyzed to develop a secure, reliabe and cheery direction tool which can utilize distant terminal units ( RTUs ) . This system is efficient and dependable for conventional electrical distribution system in Myanmar by utilizing SCADA based engineering. proposed a theoretical account that illuminates the classs of informations, functionality, and inter dependences present in a SCADA system. The theoretical account serves as a infrastruct ure for farther research on how to outdo apply proficient protective covering controls to SCADA systems in a manner that is consistent with the operation and mission of that system. SCADA system is one of the most of import bequest systems of the smart grid systems. PLC based control system to implement the SCADA system for Power Distribution system has been developed.3.6 Review-6Working stages of SCADA system for power distribustion websBy-Shalini, Sunil Kumar J, Birtukan Teshome, Samrawit Bitewlgn Muluneh, Bitseat Tadesse Aragaw Assistant professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Adi para sakthi College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation EngineeringVol. 2, Issue 5, may 2013Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ) systems, to show the undertaking direction stages of SCADA for existent clip execution, and so to demo the demand of the mechanization for Power Distribution Companies ( PDC ) on t heir distribution webs and the vastness of utilizing computing machine based system towards sustainable development of their services. Most control actions are performed automatically by RTUs. Host control maps are normally restricted to basic coveriding or supervisory degree intercession A proposed computing machine based power distribution mechanization system is so discussed we proved the importance on utilizing computing machine based system for sustainable development in the mechanization of the power distribution web to better the clients service and the dependability of the web. Besides the paper outlines the general constructs and needed equipments for the mechanization of such power webs. Some undertakings of SCADA system execution in electrical companies over the universe have been presented.

Business Communications Final Exam Questions & Answers Essay

1. Briefly describe any mavin of the communication fabrics discussed in the textbook and/or lectureLasswells (1948) poseur describes communication as a one-way transmission of meanings. The model stages the who as the source, the what as the message, the how as the channel, the whom as the destination and the effect as the outcome.2. Describe three of the of the tests you coffin nail use to enable ethical decision-making be we rationalisingIdentify if you argon rationalising, that is justifying your reasons with excuses such as Everybody is doing itIts non contrabandThey did it to meIf I dont do it someone else bequeathThe well-to-do ruleTreat others as you would want to be treatedIf you wouldnt like a particular action or behaviour to come up to you, past dont do it to othersPublicity test by and by making a decision, it would then be publicised for anyone to see or read about such as family, friends etc. If you ar apt and confident in what you have done and do not th umb any guilt then it is a good test to use, if not, then the decision was not ethical.3. What is the role of I statements in the communication subprogram? Illustrate with an exampleI statements are a way of manage perceptions and letting others know how their behaviour is perceived and how it affects you. One of the most hard-hittingways to begin assertive statements is to say I feel when For example, the message may be I feel annoyed when you dont let me know you will be late. People can state their needs and wants with an I message. It shows their ad hominem involvement plus a willingness to share their feelings. It also lets them own their own reactions. 4. Identify and explain the three techniques of sight as outlined in the textbookThree techniquesRhetorical compoundFeatures-benefits mixAppeals to emotionRhetorical mixPersuasion involves careful physical body of arguments and a intermixture of the three types of rhetorical appeal. Good communicators have the ene rgy to use and combine the three types of appeal appropriate to the audience, subject payoff and background.logos, or the appeal to logic (price, variety, merchandise information) pathos, or the appeal to the emotions (entertainment latent of the website, sensory appeal by audio/visuals, intuitiveness of navigation and the extent to which the website can be personalised for users) ethos, or appeal to credibility (privacy and security, corporate motion picture and branding).Featuresbenefits mixThe featuresbenefits mix is a technique of persuasion that incorporates a mixture of a product or services features and benefits into the message to show the audience the real benefits. The message must stress the benefits in install to focus on the recipient roles need and enable the receiver to see the relevance of the features and benefits to them. The message has two essential componentsfeatures of a product or service, and a clear and concise illustration of how to apply these feat ures linkage of the features with the benefits to enable the receiver to understand whats in it for meAppeals to emotionAppeals to emotion are ideas targeted towards the emotions, needs or values that the reader or hearer is likely to care about. Fair appeals to emotion generate emotions based on facts and related to the issue. In contrast, unfair appeals to emotion generate emotions based on unsubstantiated claims and aroused by biased words rather than steadfast evidence or by fallacies such as red herrings or by personal attacks unrelated to the issue. Appeals to emotion balanced with logic carry fairly and ethically however, appeals to emotion are often misused each intentionally or unintentionally. When used improperly, emotional appeals offer a unreserved unthinking reaction rather than a reasoned argument and assure through prejudice, fear, embarrassment or other feelings rather than convince credibly. interpreter5. Define the concept of emotional acquaintance. Discu ss the role emotional intelligence plays in building relationships and improving performance at work.Define the abilities to fleck and regulate emotions in ourselves and others. Discuss Emotionally intelligent passel are responsive to others and able to use their own personal and social competence to express their expectations and values. Researchers have concluded that success is related to more than usual intelligence (IQ). Successful mint are emotionally intelligent. They have the personal and social competence to develop positive personal, social and work relationships, and to interact easily. Emotional intelligence influences organisational effectiveness in a number of areas employee recruitment and retention, development of talent, teamwork, employee commitment, morale and health, innovation, productivity, efficiency, sales, revenue, quality of service, customer loyalty, client or bookman outcomes.6. Briefly explain the difference between macro- kitchen-gardening and mic ro- ending including examples for eachThe macro-culture comprises all the arts, beliefs and institutions (legal,governmental, business, educational and social) that characterise an ethnic group, race or nation, while a narrower micro-culture exists at bottom the macro-culture. The micro-culture includes the characteristic attitudes and behavior operating within a group, an organisation or a nation.Macroculture usually consists of the culture which influences the majority of the peck. In United States, macroculture reflects to the traditions of western sandwich Europe.An example of a micro-culture could be the aboriginal community within the large Australian community.7. Describe the characteristics of Halls setting model of cultureHalls context model demonstrates that communication and culture are not only about words. Not just text, but context. It explains how context can be measured and that there are two extremes first gear and highHigh contextA culture in which the contex t of communicated messages is as important as the communicated message Low contextA culture in which the context of communicated messages is not as important as the communicated message itself8. Define the terms enculturation and acculturation and explain how they differ. furnish examples for each of the terms acculturation is the socialisation process that we go through as we learn about and adapt to our society Examplesunconscious (as we pull back and imitate the daily habits, speech patterns and roles of our parents from infancy) or deliberate (as we are taught particularized manners for greeting people, religious rites and rituals, and reading the Bible, Koran, Torah or other literature). refinement is the process of cultural adjustment and adaptation people experience as they move from one culture to another.ExampleAdopting a cultures values, symbols and behaviour.Moving to another country and adapting to their customs whilst maintaining your traditions from back home. Dif ferEnculturation and Acculturation both involve adapting to society however acculturation is not an unconscious or deliberate process and mainly occurs when introduced to a rising culture or environment. 9. What is cultural diversity? Why is it important for people to study diversity as they prepare to enter their career? heathenish diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a circumstantial region, or in the world as a whole. It is important that people study diversity as they prepare to enter their career because people can then accommodate differences in the background, perspectives and family responsibilities of other employees, and gather experience from the diversity of perspectives to generate new ideas and ways of doing things. It is also important, as they will already have acknowledged that the workplace is diverse and also take to be other colleagues of their customs and cultural beliefs. This in turn prevents any form of discrimination, and judgement. 10. Hofstedes fivedimensional model of culture has substantial possible for aiding our understanding of individual cultures and for comparing cultures. What are the five dimensions in the model? Briefly explain any one of the dimensions.Five DimensionsPower infiniteUncertainty AvoidanceIndividualism vs. CollectivismMasculinity vs. Femininity long vs. Short-Term OrientationUncertainty AvoidanceDefines the extent to which members of a culture feel nervous about, or arethreatened by, situations they perceive as ambiguous, unclear or unstructured.People in high-uncertainty culturesAre risk unwillingMaintain strict codes of behaviourEstablish more formal rules bunk to be resistant to change.People in low-uncertainty culturesTake more risks pack fewer structuresAre more informal and relaxedAre willing to deport change.

How Does Margaret Atwood Portray Love

In A Womens Issue, Orpheus (1 and Orpheus (2), Margaret Atwood exposes what retire can be and what it can do. Ultimately, Atwood presents sock as an evil disguise which brings ab step up adversity and non happiness. In A Womens Issue, Atwood shows different scenarios of women in unfavorable circumstances. first off there is, The char In the spiked crook/ that locks around the cannon and between/ the legs, with holes In It Like a tea strainer (Atwood 1-3). This chastity doojigger was probably created to protect the womans flagrantly out of love.However, the love of the woman, or possibly the love of virtuous women resulted in he creation of a device that must be insufferable (and unhealthy) to wear. Second there is a woman with, A four-inch/ wooden nail down jammed up/ between her legs so she cant be assault (6-8). In this instance, Atwood presents a barbaric and ironic world. The numbers makes it seem as though the woman will get raped the moment she takes out the woode n peg which is very savage. It Is also wry that the woman who does not want to be raped has a peg localised Inside herself.Affection is absent, and as the examples plow in the poem, this idea progresses. depict C he modern girl dragged into the bush by midwives and make to sing while they scrape the flesh from between her legs, then sop up her thighs till she scabs over and Is wish healed. Now she can be get married Men like tight women (10-18) In the previous case, a young girl is forced to have her privates changed so that she is pleasing to the reverse sex because they believe men love tight women.The midwives probably esteem they are showing love to the young girl because they are do her more desirable and fit for marriage, however, this love results In pain and f the poem Atwood poses an interesting question Who invented the word love? (39). With this last statement, Atwood challenges the fancy that love is affection for a person and expressed through passion. She describes the place between a womans leg as, Enemy territory, no mans/ land, to be entered on the sly/ fenced, owned scarcely never surely (30-32), and men only have skittish power (37).In this poem, passion does not rightfully exist and love is a guise under which humans can be inhumane. In Orpheus 1, love acts as a cover for egotismtistical need. The poem is told form the various(prenominal) of Eurydice, Orpheus wife who was bitten by a viper and died shortly after they were married. Orpheus travels to the underworld, and using his overpowering singing voice, renders Hades powerless. He then leads his wife out of the underworld, but not before he is given the simple condition to not look cover charge at Eurydice until they are out of the underworld.Orpheus is very exacting and never considers what Eurydice may have chosen to do. The poems begins, muff walk in front of me, pulling me back out/ to the green light that had one time/ grown fangs and killed me (1-4). The wor d pulling implies that Eurydice does not want to go back to the world of the living. Eurydice is also fearful of the world because of the viper that killed her, yet Orpheus is only sentiment about his self-satisfaction which he calls love. The poem continues, l was obedient, but/ He return/ to time was not my choice (5-8). Unfortunately, Orpheus is blinded by his ego disguised as love and does not consider whether or not Eurydice want to go with him. Furthermore, it is stated, Mimi had your old leash/ with you, love you might call it (14-15). Clearly, love is to affection, but a means of control. This overbearing control disguised as love resulted in unhappiness. Orpheus looked backed too soon, before Eurydice was out of the cave and thus she, Had to/ fold like a gray moth and let go (36-37).Orpheus 2 further shows the negative effects that Orpheus ego-love had. After losing love, which is power to Orpheus, he tries to bring it back, but to no avail. He has been trying to sing/ l ove into existence again/ and he has failed (13-15). He goes on singing, among the gray stones/ of the shoring up where nobody goes/ through fear. Those with silence (10-12), however, the others so not want him to continue to sing. They have cut off both his hands They will tear/ his inquiry from his body in one burst/ of furious refusal. He foresees this, nonetheless he will go on (23-27). Ultimately, Orpheus suffers because of his misinterpretation of love. He no longer has the love of Eurydice. He cannot please with his singing any longer. He fails to bring true love and affection back into existence. Ultimately, he suffers a cruel death. In these poems by Margaret Atwood, romantic and affectionate love does not exist. Love is absent and unkind when present. It hurts and takes and leaves pain in its wake.It is like a trench coat, concealing a deadly weapon. Instead of the warm feelings of dread and passion, Atwood presents what love really is most of the time a cover for an unappealing trait an excuse for unthinkable actions. Simply, love is a deliverer of pain. Who really did invent the word love? Perhaps he was a nefarious deceiver, outwitting the world to his own advantage hiding treachery behind a brilliant smile. Cared about. The word must have been untainted then, still desolate not yet evil.

Female Education Essay

Napoleon one clock said Give me an ameliorate catch and I give sanctify you an better nation. This state custodyt is enough to prove the importance of feminine information. Allah has created two man and woman equally. They argon wish well the two sides of a coin. whiz is incomplete with out(p) the other. So, command bunghole non be the only possession of a atomic number 53 class or sex. Rather, it should be totaled equally to both men and women. Our devotion has in any case made raising compulsory for all. In the past, our women folk were control within the four walls of home. P bents did not allow them to receive knowledge and to record in any outside work.Early marriage, religious misinterpretation and the narrowness of our outlook were mainly responsible for this. Pargonnts thought it waste of magazine and bills to educate their misfires. They did not under exit over that if girl pincerren were educated they could be as competent as male clawren. As our women folk constitute or so half of our total population, no real development is possible prissyty them unstudied. On the other helping hand, an educated get down plays a actually all- crucial(prenominal) role in making and shaping the character of her small fryren. She knows well how to induce up her children, to educate them and to make them worthy.In domestic life, she fucking dealwise extend her helping hand to her husband. So, thither is no alternative to womanish discipline. It is a matter of great delight that women pose started to come out of their cocoons. Being educated, they are joining a wide range of professions. They eat up been satisfactory to prove their abilities. So, the dis returnss of early marriage and religious misinterpretation essential be removed. Our outlook about women must be changed. More schools and colleges for girls should be set up to dispersed female development. Recently the scenario of female fostering has started to ch ange.Many socio-economic factors are responsible for this change. All possible facilities of female education hold back been extended. Education for girls up to degree level has been made bump with a monthly stipend. This encourages them to continue their education. We should remember that only educated women wad change the picture of our society. So, all of us should come forward to spread female education. The overall state of female education in Bangladesh is not yet satisfactory. In the past, women were in the boundary of their houses. They usually spent their time doing their syndicate chores. They were deprived of education.But the situation has been changed now. immediately-a-days, they are admitting into schools, colleges and universities. The rate of literacy in our country is about 60% whereas female literacy is about 40%. womanly education is necessary for getting an educated nation. Because, an educated mother plenty give an educated nation. There are many advanta ges of female education. A child will neer remain illiterate if his/her mother is educated. An educated woman underside buoy play various roles in the family. She disregard impart himself in different business and jobs. As a result, she can play to the family income.However, government should do more or lessthing more to educate the female. No necessity girls education, they are born only for taking anxiety of their families- this persuasion was stereotype in the early past of Bangladesh. The birth of a boy child was a bless(prenominal)ing for the parents and a girl child was like a curse. It is a surprising matter that a girl child also comes like a boy child from mothers womb and fathers blood plainly remedy that child is unexpected to her parents. In reality, a father and mother can never hate their children. Actually, the society made the rule to neglect the girl children.As Bangladesh is considers as a Muslim country, virtually of its population are Muslim. The Ban gladeshi sight thought that their religion had ordered them to keep their women and female children inside the house and keep them in safe. As a result, the parents al managements treasured a male child to earn for the family and protect their old age. From a theological research, it has found that the beliefs which were followed by our ancestors were based on wrong concepts. The sanctified books actually suggested keeping women in safe, not to confine them into four walls where they do not have any liberty.These books also suggested that a woman can even participate in the warfare if she is able to protect herself. truly slowly but the citizenry started to change their psychogenicity when they were becoming educated and started realizing that it was useless to make success without women as a mother is the prototypical teacher of a child. If a mother is illiterate there is a well-grounded deal possibility that the child will be uneducated. To cure this problem, Begum Rokey a, the pioneer of rangy(p) the light of education to the Muslim Bengali girls. This social movement of educating girls was very slow and at that time people were against of this blessed work.She kept forbearance and opened a girls school. She made people to understand about the social welfare of the girls education by giving the religious points. though it took time to convince people, it worked. People understood the necessity of the girls education and started move their daughters into the school. This idea was so effective because a nation can have more achievements if the entire nation works together for success, not the half of the nation. The government also realized that this is an innovative idea and so theIt is the teetotum of selfishness for men, who fully appreciate in their own case the great advantage of a good education, to deny these advantages to women. There is no valid contention by which the exclusion of the female sex from the privilege of education can be defended. It is argued that women have their domestic duties to practise and that, if they were educated, they would bury themselves in their books and have little time for attending to the management of their households. Of degree, it is possible for women as it is for men to neglect work in order to spare more time for reading sensational novels.But women are no more apt(p) to this temptation than men and most women would be able to do their household work the entire weaken for being able to refresh their minds in the intervals of leisure with a little reading. Nay, education would even help them in the performance of the narrowest sphere of womanly duty. For education involves knowledge of the means by which wellness may be preserved and enable a mother to consult such(prenominal) modern books as will tell her how to underside up her children into healthy men and women and skillfully nurse them and her husband, when disease attacks her household.Without education she will no t be averse to listen, with fatal results, to the advice of superstitious quacks that spend a penny to work wonder by charms and magic. But, according to high conception of womens sphere, women ought to be something more than a household drudge. She ought to be able not merely to nurse her husband in sickness but also to be his companion in health. For this part of her wifely duty, education is necessary, for there cannot be congenial companionship between an educated husband and an uneducated wife who can converse with her husband on no higher subject than cookery and servants wages.Also, one of a mothers highest duties is the education of her children at the time when their mind is not concordant to instruction. A childs whole prox life, to a large extent, depends on the teaching it receives in early childhood and it is needless to swan that this first foundation of education cannot be well laid by an ignorant mother. On all these grounds female education is a vital necessity . Gender inequality in education is extreme. Girls are less likely to access school, to remain in school or to achieve in education.Education helps men and women claim their rights and realise their potential in the economic, political and social arenas. It is also the single most bureauful way to lift people out of meagreness. Education plays a particularly important role as a foundation for girls development towards adult life. It should be an intrinsic part of any strategy to address the sexuality-based difference against women and girls that ashes prevalent in many societies. The following links will gain explain the necessity of girls/womens education. Education is a right heathen changes Better health and awarenessPoverty reduction Education is a right Everybody has the right to education, which has been recognised since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. The right to free and compulsory primary education, without discrimination and of good qualit y, has been reaffirmed in all major international merciful rights conventions. Many of these same instruments encourage, but do not guarantee, post-primary education. These rights have been further elaborated to address issues like quality and equity, moving forward the issue of what the right to education means, and exploring how it can be achieved.As a minimum states must ensure that staple fibre education is available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable for all. (4A scheme) The right of girls to education is one of the most critical of all rights because education plays an important role in enabling girls and women to secure other rights. Cultural changes Cultural and traditional values stand between girls and their prospects for education. The achievement of girls right to education can address some of societies deeply rooted inequalities, which condemn millions of girls to a life without quality education and, therefore, also all too often to a life of bewildered opport unities.Improving educational opportunities for girls and women helps them to develop skills that allow them to make terminations and influence union change in key areas. One reason for denying girls and women their right to an education is rarely articulated by those in charge that is their aid of the might that girls will have through education. There is still some fortress to the idea that girls and women can be trusted with education.Education is also seen in some societies as a fear of change and now with globalization, the fear becomes even greater- fear to lose the cultural identity, fear of moving towards the unsung or the unwanted, fear of dissolving in the many others. Better health Basic education provides girls and women with an understanding of grassroots health, nutrition and family planning, giving them choices and the power to decide over their own lives and bodies. Womens education leads directly to better reproductive health, improved family health, economic growth, for the family and for society, as well as sink rates of child mortality and malnutrition.It is also key in the shin against the spread of HIV & AIDS. Poverty reduction Educating girls and women is an important step in overcoming mendicancy. Inequality and poverty are not inevitable. The focus on poverty reduction enables the right to education to be a powerful stopcock in making a change in the lives of girls and women. Poverty has been universally affirmed as a key obstacle to the enjoyment of human rights, and it has a visible gender profile. The main reason for this is the fact that poverty results from violations of human rights, including the right to education, which disproportionately affect girls and women.Various grounds of discrimination combine, trapping girls in a vicious downward circle of denied rights. defence force of the right to education leads to exclusion from the labour market and marginalisation into the loose sector or unpaid work. This perpetu ates and increases womens poverty. Education is one of the basic human rights. Every human being has the right to be tyro by the light of knowledge. But like other issues of our society, a gender inequality exists in receiving education which is enacted to the females. This unwanted practice is continuing still in our society and hinders the progress of our nation.In our country, because of some old superstitions and customs, girls are deprived from many facilities which are cashed in on by males. Education is one of those. The parents think not to invest money to their female children rather than to the males. And thats why women of our country still cant lead a solvent, secured, independent life. A woman without any education cant use her skills and brain in a proper way. Because of educational ignorance, she cant differentiate the right and wrong and take any decision correctly. She cant use the chances to uplift her condition.She cant nurse her family and children properly. In total, an uneducated woman leads a disorganized life. These awful facts affect the society decisively. Almost half of the population cadaver inoperative, unskilled, and slapdash. It lags behind the whole nation economically, academically, commercially which will suffer the future generation. If the women-folk is educated, they can utilize their skill, knowledge and work hand in hand with men in all programs of development. They can be self-employed and be a source of man power by which they can bide their family financially.They can analysis any situation and take the right decision and influence her family and society in the key areas through their useful thoughts. They will be conscious about early marriage, family planning, maternal mortality rate, child mortality etc. Besides, if a woman is educated, she can take get by of her children perfectly. A mother exercises an undeniable influence in the formation of childrens character and shaping their future destination. Once Napo leon said, Give me continues show Introduction The history of progress of the human race is the history of education. because it is necessary for every person, man or woman, to be educated. The hand that rocks the provenance rules the world. Women should be educated like men otherwise there can be no peace or no progress. If you yoke an kept (un adroit) horse with highly trained one, the carriage will be speed to pieces sand the occupants lives will be destroyed. The family peace cannot be preserved with such ill-matched life-long companions. Need for Female Education Napoleon was once asked what the greatest need of France was. He answered Motherlands National progress is impossible without trained and educated mothers. If the women in any country are not educated about half the people in that country will be ignorant. The result is that such a country will not be able to go along with other nations in development and progress. A Controversy There is a great controversy going o n in India whether women should receive higher education or not. Orthodox people are in regard of female education, but they are distant to given them high education. But this view does not sound well. If women are mentally fit to receive higher education there seems to be no reason why they should not be allowed to develop their mental faculties.There is other group of liberal people which in favor of the female education. To give them only the rudiments of knowledge while they are eager for advanced studies is to condemn them to a place of inferiority. Duties of Woman A woman has to play three distinct parts in the course of her life in each of which certain duties are expected of her. If she is able to do these well she is worthy of being called perfect woman. It is only by the help of education that she can hope to be able to do them satisfactorily. The first duty of a woman is to be a good daughter.The second is to be a good wife. And the third is to be a good mother. Educati on continues Male Female Education Different people have different ideas and opinions as to whether it is more important to educate boys or girls. Some believe that the education of boys is more important than that of the girls, and meanwhile others disagree. In reality, the choice depends on what country, culture, or society we are talking about.In many nations including many Asian countries, tradition demands that men provide the family with income, food, clothing, etc., and women perform the usual household business such as cooking, cleaning, washing, and taking care of children. In such societies it seems logical that there is more stress on the priority of mens education rather than women, since it is the male that requires the call for education to succeed, survive, and thrive. It is perceived in these countries that education is not of vital importance to women since they are not supposed to work outside the house, and that their primary duty is to take care of the family an d kids.However in modern societies and nations, the situation differs. Now days more countries are inclined towards modernization. The general moral philosophy of these nations is equality amongst men and women therefore, this means equal business, industrial, and occupational opportunities for both the men and women. Based on these facts, it is vital to put of equal stress on the education of men and women for this will insure that females and males perform their tasks professionally and adequately.In my opinion, the edification of men and women has to be equally emphasized because todays technological and economical advanced world require fully educated, experienced, and diverse citizens regardless of their gender. And this can be only achieved through sufficient education of both men and women. The importance of todays society is to improve the reaction time interview tested techniques of the oriental and occidental countries and continents. continues.

Constitutional and social development between 1860 and 1877 Essay

From the magazine of capital of Nebraskas inauguration in 1860 to the final withdrawal of union soldiery from the South in 1877, the nation of America had been one of great diversitys. thither was constant development in this cartridge holder both socially and constitutionally. For instance, approximately constitutional developments that irrupted conflict were the secession of the confederate states, the Emancipation Proclamation, the three well-behaved rights bills, and the reconstruction. Some social developments that caused conflict were the Freedmens role, the Black Codes, and the Ku Klux Klan. It was a take of these developments that the Revolutions of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Redeemers would take place. The great change these revolutions brought about were vital in the development of this countryOne of the constitutional developments that caused a revolution during this time frame, had to do with the South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession, which is stated in Document A. The southerners felt up that it was their constitutional right to own slaves and did not see a time when they should be required to give up that right. However, upon the election of Lincoln as President, the southerners felt threatened, and felt their slave holding rights were macrocosm threatened, and in an motility to protect these rights they chose to secede from the union. This action angered the President and many Republi go offs because they believed that it was unconstitutional for a state to secede. Senator John Sherman on the other hand believed that they gave the states in any case much power and rights in government that this is the reason the government being overthrown.One of the social developments that caused a revolution was the Freedmens Bureau. The Freedmens Bureau was supposed to give Homesteads to the freed slaves, but they failed to keep their promise, as stated in Document E. In document I the picture shows that even sight the free dmen were given freedom after the Civil, other groups such as the dust coat League and the KKK still tried to suppress their rights as human citizens. For instance, the KKK would flash black-owned buildings and murder freedman to them from exercising their voting rights.Another development that caused a revolution was the Reconstruction Act.Looking at Document F you can see that Senator Lot Morrill thinks that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is revolutionary. But he was crazy because there was already a revolution taking place and zip knew or cared. The speech brought up many questions about what had to be bushel and what kind of revolution would occur. These are the many developments that brought on a revolution that helped or hurt the country. This is one of the revolutions that helped shape this country.