REVERSIBLE BONDED STRAIN GAGE :: essays research papers

ABSTRACT For accurately measuring thermal strains, particularly on large buildings where welded strain gages can non be utilize, a reversible bonded strain gage was developed. essentially it is a special polyimide strain gage which is same on both the base side and cover side so that it can be utilise both ways. It can be used to stripe strains at temperatures under 250oC (482oF) of a structure made of aluminum alloys or composites (to which its difficult to weld a strain gage).These gages can be can be peeled later taking required apparent strain measurements in a furnace and can be attached reverse side up at a required point on a structure. To measure mechanical stresses on structures at superior temperatures it is essential to measure apparent thermal stresses accurately in the first place. In practice, several strain gages in a pack are used to obtain calibration data. The apparent strain and gage factor change of all the gages in the pack are assumed to be same which is not so in practice, in spite of bang-up efforts to reduce scatter of apparent strain. Since reversible strain gages can be reattached to the test structure after taking apparent strain readings, the error caused due to apparent strain scatter (by using different strain gages) can be reduced to great extent. In this paper the thermal characteristics of the reversible strain gage repeatability of apparent strain, gage-factor change, creep, drift and the output for a given mechanical strain were investigated.INTRODUCTION in that location are several problems associated with elevated temperature measurements, static or dynamic, the basic one being that alloys useful as strain gages at these temperatures are also subtile temperature sensors. Firstly, installation of the strain gage is a problem and secondly the apparent strain and change in gage factor makes it very difficult to measure the actual strain. In aerospace industry we come across a lot of situations when very accurate st rain measurements at high temperatures are required, but in spite of a lot of improvement in new high temperature strain gages most of them are welded types. Hence, they cannot be used on materials like aluminum alloys or composites. In this paper, a reversible bonded strain gage is described for use at temperatures under 250o (482oF) that can be applied to a structure made of materials commonly used in aerospace industry like aluminum alloys and various composites. Aircraft wings are often subjected to high temperature and high acoustic disturbance level and the application of reversible strain gages to accurately measure the stresses is the main motivation behind choosing this paper for review.

The Pros and Cons of Americas Superpower Status :: Politics Political Essays

The Pros and Cons of Americas Superpower StatusWhile reading Rourke, I found that the most interesting, debatable, and insightful issue from Rourke was Issue 3. SHOULD AMERICA ABANDON ITS mightiness STATUS? This is presented by Doug Bandow and Anthony Lake, in which Bandow takes the affirmative side of the issue and Lake the opposing stance. To fully explain this issue, I will not only look at the authors, but their stances on the issues, how their stances fit into the World System, Hegemons, and basic Perceptions. I will then go into the future looking at such items, as tumefy as some thoughts of my own. Basically, I will show that a simple yes or no question is much more complicated and in-depth than one might think. So, with no further ado, lets get RourkingI will first look at the Yes America should step down as a superpower answer to our question, as presented by Doug Bandow. He presents a situation where America is the Big Protector and the source for assistance (in many situ ations) throughout the world. But, in a time when there is no war, no Cold War, and no need for a U.S. policeman, why should we continue on this path? Bandow wants us to bring our troops home who are on hostile soil, change our worldly ways and concentrate on America. Sure, there may be pile in the world who need our help, but there are people right here in America who need that same help. He wants us to step down as a superpower. This does not mean to stimulate Isolationist, but certainly more self-centered. His situation is one where you are not a superpower, but just a (non-influential) power a partner in the world and not its savior.With that said, we will move on to Anthony Lake. Lake is quite different from Bandow because Lake is a current Clinton administrator who gave a speech to the press and Bandow is a fountain Reagan administrator who wrote for a foreign research institute. Bandow writes with educated intent Lake writes/speaks to confirm current foreign policy. Lakes speech does not dive deep into its own surmisal Not to step down as a superpower. Lake presents a situation of America being one of two things. The first of which is an Isolationist country, which keeps to itself. This, of course, is not unafraid because it leaves no room for trade, world relations, a prosperous America, or an up-beat Global Political Economy.

The Nurse and Friar Laurence are responsible for Romeo and Juliets deat

In Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet the characters obligate and Friar Laurence are to blame for Romeo and Juliets Problems.The way Friar Laurence encouraged Romeo and Juliet to spend a penny Married, The way the Nurse is contradictory in her views of Romeo and Paris, When Friar Laurence secretly married them, the way the Nurse is secretive about the affair and does not tell the Capulets or the Montagues, when Laurence gave Juliet the sleeping potion, the way Laurence believed he was doing the right thing wi mebibytet thinking of the consequences, and the way Laurence leaves Juliets Tomb when he hears the watch coming, all combine to core in the go to bedrs death.In act II scene III, Romeo goes to see Friar Laurence to tell him that he no longer loves Rosaline, but has fell in love with Juliet. This amazes Friar Laurence, but he promises to marry them, O, she knew wellThy love did read by rote, that could not spell.But come, young waverer, come, go with me.In one view Ill assi stant be.For this alliance may so smart proveTo turn your households rancour to pure love. (Friar Laurence, Act II purview III, sentence 87-92)By doing this, Friar Laurence has gone behind Capulet and Montagues back, and started the momentum behind the lovers tragedy.In a few parts of the play, the Nurse speaks of Romeo and Paris with Juliet, each time she has a different view on who Juliet should be with,LADY CAPULETMarry, that marry is the very themeI came to talk of. govern me daughter Juliet,How stands your dispositions to be married?JULIETIt is an honour that I dream not ofNURSEAn honour Were not I thine only nurse,I would say thou hadst sucked wisdom from thyTeat.LADY CAPULET... ...pExit FriarWhats here? A cup, closed in my true loves hand?Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end.O child Drunk all, and left no friendly dropTo facilitate me after? I will kiss thy lips.Haply some poison yet doth stick on themTo make me die with a restorative.She kisses himThy lips are wa rmWATCHMAN withinLead, boy. Which way?JULIETYea, noise? Then Ill be brief. O happy daggerShe snatches Romeos daggerThis is thy sheath, there rust, and let me dieShe stabs herself and falls(Act V Scene III, sentence 144-176)In this act, Rome and Juliet die. This is brought about by the Friars plan to help Romeo and Juliet escape to Mantua, which failed.Without the meddling from the Nurse and Friar Laurence, Romeo and Juliet might not have died. Friar Laurence and the Nurse are responsible for Romeo and Juliets death.BibliographyWilliam Shakespeare - Romeo And Juliet - Complete Edition

Whaling in US compared to Japan Essay -- social issues

Whaling in US compared to Japan Did you receive that in the last 50 years over 2 million behemoths have been killed? The United States views whaling very differently than Japan does. It is a complicated and controversial topic. umpteen people have opinions astir(predicate) hunt down hunting. However, everyone should know both sides of the whale hunting issues before they act on the issue. To start out I am going to tell you a little about whaling. The first whale hunters were in the prehistoric times. At first they would just kill and eat beached whales. That became such(prenominal) a habit that they started hunting them. Most whale hunters use harpoons, guns, lances, or bombs that blow up inside the whale. They use catcher boats, or kayaks. In 1925, whalers genuine factory ships that could hold 12 catcher boats and a crew of about 400. These ships had radar chthonian the boat that could detect where the whales were. These boats are what made it so thriving to hunt whales. I n 1931, the International Whaling Convention began. The study whaling countries formed the IWC to protect whales from being over hunted and to regulate the whaling industries. The main duty of the IWC is to keep under review and revise the measures laid down in the Schedule to Convention, which governs the conduct of whaling throughout the world. These measures provide for the protection of certain species designate specified areas as whale sanctuaries set limits on the numbers and size of whales which croupe be taken have open and closed ... Whaling in US compared to Japan Essay -- social issuesWhaling in US compared to Japan Did you know that in the last 50 years over two million whales have been killed? The United States views whaling very differently than Japan does. It is a complicated and controversial topic. Many people have opinions about whale hunting. However, everyone should know both sides of the whale hunting issues before they act on the issue. To sta rt out I am going to tell you a little about whaling. The first whale hunters were in the prehistoric times. At first they would just kill and eat beached whales. That became such a habit that they started hunting them. Most whale hunters use harpoons, guns, lances, or bombs that blow up inside the whale. They use catcher boats, or kayaks. In 1925, whalers developed factory ships that could hold 12 catcher boats and a crew of about 400. These ships had radar under the boat that could detect where the whales were. These boats are what made it so easy to hunt whales. In 1931, the International Whaling Convention began. The major whaling countries formed the IWC to protect whales from being over hunted and to regulate the whaling industries. The main duty of the IWC is to keep under review and revise the measures laid down in the Schedule to Convention, which governs the conduct of whaling throughout the world. These measures provide for the protection of certain species designate spec ified areas as whale sanctuaries set limits on the numbers and size of whales which can be taken have open and closed ...

Exploring the Cause of Eating Disorders - Familial Relationships and Bu

My sister is bulimic and has been in therapy for some(prenominal) months now. She seems to be making progress, but this eating disorder seems to loom her life nevertheless. Overwhelmed with conflicting desires, she is obsessed with food and her appearance. I see her suffer and wonder what has caused her to develop such behaviors. I know that there are several factors that can play a role in the inception of an eating disorder. Because of my sisters problems, I have become interested in the interplay betwixt familial relationships and bulimia. Is there a relationship between family interactions and bulimia?There have been numerous studies about the characteristics of a bulimics family. One of the earliest by Laurence Igoin-Apfelbaum (1985), analyse 21 women who were diagnosed by the DSM-III as bulimics. In the group of patients, two patterns of family background could be found. Thirteen patients were from broken homes, and a common characteristic of these families was that the fat her near disappeared from the life of the daughter. The twelve other patients came from close knit families, in which the sacred union of these families against the outside world was a defensive organization hiding study tensions within the family unit. The relationship between the bulimics and their mother is one of polarity. They feel that because their eating disturbances seem to worry their mother, she is the only one who cared, and as a result they do such things as calling their moms daily to make sure she is not worrying. At the same time they avoid their mother because they feel she can jeopardize everything or demand so much from them that they would have no personal life left. All the patients had harsh words for their fathers. They see him ... ...ting Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(4), 395-402.Humphrey, Laura Lynn (1989). sight Family Interactions Among Subtypes of ingest Disorders Using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Journal of Consulting an d Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 206-214.Igoin-Apfelbaum, Laurence (1985). Characteristics of Family Background in Bulimia. Psychother. Psychosom, 43, 161-167.Kent, Jan S., and Clopton, J. R. (1992). Bulimic Womens Perceptions of Their Family Relationships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 281-292.Laliberte, Michele., Boland, F. J. and Leichner, P. (1999). Family Climates Family Factors Specific to Disturbed Eating and Bulimia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(9), 1021-1040.Stuart, G. W., et al. (1990). Early Family Experiences of Women With Bulimia and Depression. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(1), 43-52.

Exploring the Cause of Eating Disorders - Familial Relationships and Bu

My sister is bulimic and has been in therapy for several months now. She seems to be qualification progress, but this eating disorder seems to rule her life nevertheless. Overwhelmed with conflicting desires, she is obsessed with food and her appearance. I see her suffer and wonder what has caused her to develop such behaviors. I know that there are several factors that can play a role in the inception of an eating disorder. Because of my sisters problems, I commence become interested in the interplay between familial relationships and bulimia. Is there a relationship between family interactions and bulimia?There have been numerous studies about the characteristics of a bulimics family. One of the earliest by Laurence Igoin-Apfelbaum (1985), studied 21 women who were diagnosed by the DSM-III as bulimics. In the group of patients, two patterns of family background could be found. Thirteen patients were from broken homes, and a common characteristic of these families was that the fat her virtually disappeared from the life of the daughter. The twelve other patients came from close knit families, in which the sacred union of these families against the outside world was a defensive organization hiding major tensions within the family unit. The relationship between the bulimics and their mother is hotshot of polarity. They feel that because their eating disturbances seem to worry their mother, she is the only one who cared, and as a result they do such things as calling their moms daily to make sure she is not worrying. At the same time they avert their mother because they feel she can guess everything or demand so much from them that they would have no personal life left. All the patients had harsh row for their fathers. They see him ... ...ting Disorders. daybook of Abnormal Psychology, 95(4), 395-402.Humphrey, Laura Lynn (1989). Observed Family Interactions Among Subtypes of Eating Disorders Using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Journal of Consultin g and Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 206-214.Igoin-Apfelbaum, Laurence (1985). Characteristics of Family Background in Bulimia. Psychother. Psychosom, 43, 161-167.Kent, Jan S., and Clopton, J. R. (1992). Bulimic Womens Perceptions of Their Family Relationships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 281-292.Laliberte, Michele., Boland, F. J. and Leichner, P. (1999). Family Climates Family Factors Specific to Disturbed Eating and Bulimia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(9), 1021-1040.Stuart, G. W., et al. (1990). Early Family Experiences of Women With Bulimia and Depression. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(1), 43-52.

The History Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay

Animation is the allusion of motion through the continuity of vision. It dates back to every berth ahead of time as 1650 in Paleolithic hollow out picture, where animate beings were frequently drawn with multiple sets of overlapping legs. Although some argue that this could merely stand for the germinal persons altering their heads about leg place, most perceive these pictures as early efforts to portray gesture. The zoetrope, a cylinder with perpendicular slits in the sides, is another illustration of early life, as the interior surface of the cylinder has a set of sequenced images that produce the semblance of gesture as the user looks at the images through the slits as it spins. Since cave pictures and the zoetrope, other signifiers of life have been established, including stop gesture, 3D life, gesture g aining control, rotoscope, movie, etc. Numerous people have contributed to the universe of life and amongst those is Walt Disney. Just to call a hardly a(prenominal) of his achievement, Walt was the first to add a music and consequence path to a sketch. He produced the first commercially released movie produced in the full-color three-strip Technicolor procedure. He make the first full-length animated movie. He was one of the first to utilize television receiver as an amusement medium and he created the dependant park. Further more, no discourse refering to life is complete without the reference of Disney s name, as his groundbreaking design and assembly techniques moved him to the vanguard of the life industry. The impact Walt Disney s plants continue to back on life today is possible through the love and dedication he had for art and life.Walter Elias Walt Disney was one of five kids. He was born on celestial latitude 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois to Elias and Flora Disney. He lived in Marceline, Missouri for most of his childhood, which is where he highly-developed his love for art. Although Walt s male parent did non back up his involvements in art, his female parent and brother ever encouraged him to follow up on his endowments. While populating in Missouri, Disney began pulling, picture, and selling images to neighbours and household friends, as he needed excess gold sing that his household was populating in poorness. When he was approximately 10, Disney moved to Kansas City, Missouri where his uncle Mike Martin was a train applied scientist. Bing in his uncle s company, Walt developed a love for trains, which resulted in a summer line of business merchandising newspapers and bites to travellers at the railway. Disney subsequently moved back to Chicago and attended McKinley High School. Walt continued to prosecute life upon his return to Chicago, as he enrolled in pulling and picture taking categories at McKinley and was a conducive cartoonist for the school paper. In add-on, Disney took dark categories at the Chicago nontextual matter Institute.At the age of 16, Disney dropped out of school to fall in the ground forces during World War I. He was rejected because he was at a lower placeage. Since he could non fall in the ground forces, Walt moved to France and drove an ambulance for a twelvemonth alternatively. He neer stopped pulling. When he returned from France in 1919, Disney moved back to Kansas City, where he planned to prosecute a calling as a newspaper creative person. His brother Roy helped him make this end, as he landed him a occupation with Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio. While workings at that place, Walt met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks, which led to him working as a commercial creative person for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made lifes based on cutouts.While working for the ad company, Walt continued to research his options. He began experimenting with a camera, making hand-drawn cel life. His involvement led to his gap of his ain life concern and he recruited Fred Harman, from the ad company, as his first employee.A Disney and Harman screened their sketchs, Laugh-O-Grams, with Kansas City Theater and their sketchs success resulted in Disney acquiring his ain studio. Walt hired a few other employees and together they combined both unrecorded action and life to make the series Alice in Cartoonland. Unfortunately, Walt had to register for bankruptcy in 1923 because the studio was in serious debt, but this bad luck led to better things.Walt relocated to Los Angeles and collaborated with Roy and Iwerks to make Disney Brothers Studio. Their first trade was to administer theirA AliceA sketchs with New York distributer Margaret Winkler. While working with Winkler, they invented a character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, and contracted the t describekss at 15 thousand dollars each.A A few old ages subsequently, Disney realized that Winkler, her hubby, and other Disney energizers stole the rights to Oswald. He did non release this mishap discourage him, as this find paved the manner for the ill-famed Mickey Mouse, which earned Disney his first Academy Awar d, an Honorary Award for the creative military action of Mickey Mouse.Walt had been developing Mickey for a piece before he released the first alive trunkss having Mickey, Plane CrazyA andA The Gallopin Gaucho. Both of these movies were soundless and failed to happen distribution nevertheless, Disney s 3rd sound-and-music-equipped short calledA Steamboat Willie, was a large hit, as Disney was the first to add a music and consequence path to a sketch. Walt still had more tendencies to define and boundaries to interrupt. In 1929, Disney createdA Silly Symphonies, which featured Mickey s freshly created friends Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. One of the most touristy sketchs, Flowers and Trees, was the first commercially released movie produced in the full-color three-strip Technicolor procedure and it went on to gain Disney his 2nd Academy Award, for Best Short.AAs if that was non extraordinary plenty, in 1933A The Three Little PigsA and its rubric vocal Who s Afrai d of the Big severeness Wolf? became America s subject during the Great Depression.A This resulted in Disney s 3rd Academy Award, another for Best Short. In 1937, A Snow etiolated and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length animated movie, premiered in Los Angeles, bring forthing one and a half million dollars, despite the Depression. It besides won eight Oscars. During the undermentioned five old ages, Walt Disney Studios completed alive movies, Pinocchio, A Fantasia, A Dumbo, A andA Bambi. By the clip of Walt s decease, A Disney s Brother Studio had produced more than 100 characteristics. Disney s last major success that he produced himself was the gesture pictureA Mary Poppins, which mixed unrecorded action and life. Disney was one of the first to utilize telecasting as an amusement medium. TheA Zorro, A Davy Crockett, and The Mickey Mouse Club ( known today as Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ) series were highly popular with kids.Although Mickey is responsible for bulk of Disney s in itial success, his achievements did non stop at that place. Walt Disney besides invented the subject park. Disneyland subject park opened in 1955. It was designed for kids and their households to research, run into Disney characters, and bask rollercoaster drives. Disney used Walt Disney s Wonderful World of Color, a popular Sunday dark show, to get down advancing his new subject park. In a really short period, it became a tourers attractive force for people worldwide. Because of the success of Disneyland, Disney began programs for a new subject park in Florida. It was still under building when Walt died from lung malignant neoplastic disease at the age of sixty-six on December 15, 1966. Following Walt s decease, Roy took on the duty of completing the Florida subject park, which opened in 1971. He named it Walt Disney World after his late brother.The Walt Disney Company launched its ain telecasting channel on April 18, 1983. The Original Disney Channel ( 1983-1997 ) marketed chiefl y towards young kids, with series such as Still the Beaver, The Baby-sitters Club, Five Mile Creek, Flash Forward, Adventures in Wonderland, Vault Disney, etc. In 1997, a new pre-teen scheduling took clasp, with shows such as Smart Guy, Bug Juice, Jett Jacksons, and more. Later Zoog Disney attempted to link the telecasting and cyberspace, giving childs who played online games an chance to see their names on telecasting. From 2001 to 2002, Disney s evaluations grew high and it was about 90 per centum basic overseas telegram scheduling. Pre-teens started watching the newer shows like, Even Stevens, Kim Possible, Lizzie McGuire and more, taking to the prostration of authoritative Disney scheduling. In recent old ages, the diverseness of conceive audiences has increased even more with an older audience of adolescents, immature grownups and households, from over one-hundred and 60 states and 20 linguistic communications.Walt s involvement in inspiring developed at a immature age, a s he drew and painted images to sell to his neighbours and household friends to gain excess money as a kid. Walt cursorily turned his bunco into a passion, as he enrolled in pulling and picture taking categories at McKinley high school and took categories at the Chicago Art Institute at dark. Even when Walt was no longer in school, he continued to heighten his accomplishments. He neer stopped pulling, or seeking to socialize others. No affair the tests and trials he faced, he neer lost sight of his dream. When his first studio suffered from debt, he collaborated with his brother and old friend to open a new 1. When his spouses betrayed him and stole the rights to his first commercially successful character, Disney took it as an chance to let go of a new character. It is obvious Walt dedicated his life to his work, from his childhood to his decease therefore, turn outing his love and dedication to life is responsible for the success he has had in inspiring and the impact he continu es to hold on life today.

Unilateral Neglect After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

Behavioral Inattention judge is a common standardised measuring for ane- berthd neglect and has been widely used as the chief results in many neglect surveies. A systematic reappraisal was conducted in the undermentioned database from January 1997 to June 2012 PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and solelyied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , Cochrane Collaboration s registry of tests and PEDro ( Physiotherapy Evidence Database ) .The reappraisal included articles of randomized controlled tests about neglect schemes among stroke patients that addressed Behavioral Inattention Test as scratchhand results in the intercessions. Meta-analysis was done.ConsequencesTwelve RCTs were identified in our reappraisal harmonizing the inclusion and exclusion standards. The qualities of the surveies were good with average Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) scotch of 6.08 A 0.81. Different intercessions have been exa seconde in RCTs Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appe ared to be the most common, with 5 out of 12. The meta-analysis showed that for neighboring(a) effectuate of neglect intercessions, the trash conventional subtests has a statistic each(prenominal)y cardinal average event surface of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 p=0.002 ) whereas the BIT Behavorial subtest showed no statistically master(prenominal) average importation size of it of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( union ) showed a modest statistically important average second size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 p=0.006 ) . However, the meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important average gist size on persistent effectuate for all BIT results. Among all intercessions, Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appears to be more telling when compared to others based on the BIT results after pooled analysis.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among replenish ment intercessions on sloped shorten and rTMS possibly is a promising attack for treatment of one-sided foreshorten. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive quick effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. exclusively surveies faced the similar failing of lower top executive with smaller samples and parturiency in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before co arc arcminuteuteg to a stead exuberant decision.KeywordsSystematic reappraisal, Stroke, Unilateral push aside, Rehabilitation, Treatment, Behavioural Inattention Test1. IntroductionUnilateral disregard ( ULN ) is a heterogenous perceptual upset that follows intellectual hemispherical lesion 1 , particularly after right hemisphere stroke. The most typica lly characteristic of disregard is calamity to describe or react the stimulant drug presented from the contralateral infinite, including stimulation from the eyepiece, somatosensory, audile and kinesthesia stimulation even compreh mop uping their ain organic structure parts 2 . The reported incidence varies from 10 % to 82 % following right-hemisphere shot and from 15 % to 65 % following left-hemisphere shot 3 . Capable choice standards, lesion site, the nature and time of the appraisal and deficiency of understanding on appraisal methods are all responsible for the variableness in the reported rate of happening of one-sided disregard after shot 1, 4 . As disregard involved upset in directing attending, stand foring infinite and commanding motion, it became an obstruction for recovery from shot. Neglect has a important negative impact associated with usable recovery at place discharge 5, 6 . recently more research workers have point attempts on researching the underly ing mechanism and the remedy methods about the enormous challenge.Different intervention attacks and assessment battery have been developed to measure and rectify disregard. Recent literature shows that interventions for one-sided neglect autumn under ii types of behavioural attacks. They are either enrolling the hemiplegic side or limbs to cut down(a) a spatial penchant over the ipsilesional infinite, or bettering consciousness of the contralesional infinite to advance patients attending 7, 8 , Up to now, more than 18 methods were put into convention in these Fieldss 9 . Surveies based on these attacks have reported changing consequences based on a big figure of outcome steps. Despite the reported quality is conduce for RCTs in neglect rehabilitation 7 , some attacks appear to be more promising. There were besides remarks that the effects of these new interventions are frequently task-specific or transeunt and frequently can non be generalized to daily working 8, 10, 1 1 . It is difficult to state which attack is the optimal recommendation for clinical pattern due to deficient grounds 9 . In add-on, professional healers seldom use these scientifically proved interventions 12 .The appraisal of ULN in the clinical position has normally involved in pencil-and-paper undertakings, including line bisection, cancellation undertakings, copying, and punching 13 , many RCTs used some of the undertakings as results. The Behavioural Inattention Test ( BIT ) is a criterion-referenced trial for one-sided disregard or optical inattention in patients enduring from shot or encephalon hurts 14 . The trial is divided into twain classs the conventional and the behavioural subtests. This survey used the conventional subtest, which is made up of 6 points line crossing, missive cancellation, star cancellation, figure and form copying, line bisection, and delineative drawing. A cancellation sub tally was calculated by adding the first 3 cancellation un dertakings together and pulling subscore by adding the staying 3 undertakings.This reappraisal aimed to consistently reexamine the updated grounds from RCTs on the effectualness of rehabilitation intercessions for one-sided disregard as measured by the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) or its conventional ( BIT-C ) and behavioural subtests ( BIT-B ) .2. Methods2.1. DatabaseWe searched the undermentioned electronic databases PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , and Cochrane Collaboration s registry of tests. We besides hand-searched the bibliography of all surveies redacted in full text. find out of publication was restricted between January 1997 and June 2012.2.2. Search schemesWe used the undermentioned footings for seeking databases ( Cerebrovascular accident OR shot ) AND ( Neglect OR visuospatial disregard OR ocular disregard OR one-sided disregard OR hemis phere neglect OR visuo-spatial disregard ) .We included merely RCTs for grownups with age ( 19 white-haired ages + ) published from 19970101-20120630, restricted to English linguistic communication.2.3. Inclusion and exclusion standardsInclusion standardsWe included ( 1 ) all RCTs aimed at place the effectivity of any type of rehabilitation intercession to rectify disregard in grownup shot patients as diagnosed with one-sided disregard by clinical scrutiny and/or classical neuropsychological trials ( 2 ) Given our intent, we merely considered the surveies which addressed the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) 15 as the primary results. The BIT included the conventional subtest ( BIT-C ) and/or the behavioural subtest ( BIT-B ) every bit good as the entire mark of BIT ( BIT ( Total ) ) or both.Exclusion standards( 1 ) Observational survey, and instance film every bit good as cross-over design surveies ( 2 ) Full text is non available ( 3 ) with sample size less than 5 in each group and ( 4 ) every bit rated as 4 or less out of 10 by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) .2.5. tint appraisalThe 2 referees ( Nicole, Y.Y.H and Kenneth, F.N.K ) appraised all documents harmonizing to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) graduated table. It was developed specifically for measuring the quality of surveies aimed at comparing the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions 16, 17 which has been proved to be a valid step of the methodological quality of clinical tests. It was valid to sum PEDro scale point tonss to obtain a entire mark that can be treated as interval degree measuring and subjected to parametric statistical analysis 18, 19 . There are 11 points in the PEDro graduated table The first standards point eligibility is non scored which was used as a constituent of external cogency, the other 10 points obtained a entire mark from 10 ( RCT that satisfies all points ) to 0 ( RCT that does non fulfill anyone ) . The PEDro graduated ta ble classify surveies as of high or low qualities based on a cut-off mark at 6 out of 10. High quality means articles that obtain a mark equal to or higher than 6 and low quality surveies score less than 6.2.4. Data extraction and analysisEach included survey was carefully assessed for inclusion standards, and the needful information and features of each included survey was ab initio summarized and extracted by the first writer ( first referee ) and was listed on a tabular array. The abstract every bit good as these sum-ups was independently checked and confirmed by a 2nd referee who is the 2nd writer of the manuscript. In instance of dissensions between the referees, the sentiment of the 3rd referee was sought.We calculate Cohen s vitamin D on single consequence sizes for included surveies and compare the comparative effectivity. Meta-analysis one the overall intervention effectivity will be done with Review Manager 5.0. order average difference ( SMD ) was taken as the consequen ce size and its 95 % assurance interval was computed. Test of heterogeneity was used to measure the possible heterogeneousness across surveies. If heterogeneousness existed, random-effect theoretical account was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effect theoretical account was used alternatively. The sensitiveness analysis was besides used to measure the impact of the overall intervention effectivity by take awaying one test one time at a clip.3. ConsequencesFigure 1 shows the choice procedure. The hunts chiefly yielded 201 commendations from 1997 to 2012. After taking extras, 153 commendations were obtained. Based on the rubric and abstract of the articles, 32 potentially relevant articles were obtained. And they were so carefully evaluated by the referees. We identified 25 clinical tests 20-44 which entered the eventually assessment. Reasons for the exclusion of the other 7 articles were ( 1 ) they were merely reviews or mechanical surveies, instance studies or other clinical survey de sign such as multiple- baseline design, cross-over design, ( 2 ) absence of a control group, and ( 3 ) the sample is less than 5 in each group. Finally, 12 articles were included in our reappraisal 21, 22, 25-27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44 and other articles were excluded as the BIT was non used as the primary outcome step.Fig 1 Overview of literature hunt and choice procedureThe overall quality of the 12 RCTs is just to good ( Table 1 ) . The average sum mark was 6.08 A 0.81, with a scope from 5 to 9. 4 of them ( 33.3 % ) were identified with just quality when cut-off line was set at 6 out of 10 based on the PEDro graduated table.Table 1 PEDro tonss of included surveiesItemsSurveiesEligibility1 Random allotment2 Concealed allotment3 baseline comparison4 Blind topics5 Blind healers6 Blind assessors7 Adequate brushup8 Intention-to-treat analysis9 Between-group comparings10 institutionalize estimations variablenessMarkQualityNysa et Al. 2008yes10110010116/10GoodSerino et Al. 2009 yes00110010115/10CarnivalTurton et Al. 2010yes11000110116/10GoodMizuno et Al. 2011yes11110110118/10GoodLadavas et Al. 2011yes10110100116/10GoodRobertson et Al. 2002yes10100110116/10GoodLuukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009yes11100010015/10CarnivalFong et Al. 2007yes10100110116/10GoodTsang et Al. 2006yes11100100116/10GoodHarvey et Al. 2003yes10110010105/10CarnivalKoch et Al. 2012yes11111110119/10GoodFerreira et Al. 2011NO10100010115/10CarnivalFeatures of the included surveiesDescriptions of the 12 articles included in the reappraisal are listed in Table 2. deuce surveies 40, 44 used double-blinded design and others largely were single-blinded tests.Table 2 Features of included surveiesSurveiesMethodsInterventionsBIT based ConsequencesTypeStudy designControlGroupstopics( N )shot continuanceTreatmentgovernmentDurationImmediateLong-runNysa et Al. 2008 public address systemsingle-blindRCTPlacebo( impersonal goggles )n=16PA gp=10CT gp=6a 4 tungstenWore brace of goggles fitted with wide- elec tron orbit point-to-point optical prismatic lenses shifted their ocular field of battle 10A/0Arightward and reconstruct some fast pointing motions30min/sessionfour-day-in-row Sessionss4dBIT-Ci-i?BIT-Bi-i?follow-upi1mSerino et Al. 2009 dadsingle-blindPseud-RCTPlacebo( impersonal goggles )ni20PA gp=10CT gp=10a?1 mhave oning prismatic lenses, which shifted their ocular field 10A/0Arightward and indicating motions30 min/session 10 day-to-day Sessionss within 2 hebdomad2wBITi+i?BITi+i?follow-upi1mTurton et Al. 2010Dadsingle-blindRCTPlacebo( level field glass )ni36PA gp=17i1 drop-outi?CT gp=19i1 drop-outi?a?20 vitamin Dwore 10 diopters, 6 grade prisms utilizing index palpate to touch a bold verticalline on screenone time a dickens dozen hours, each working twenty-four hours2wBITi-i?BITi-i?follow-upi8wMizuno et Al. 2011Daddouble-maskedRCTPlacebo( impersonal spectacless )ni38PA gp=18CT gp=20a 3mwore prism spectacless shifted ocular field 12A to right and repeat pointing undertakings20 min/session command, 5 yearss / hebdomad2wBIT-Ci-i?BIT-Bi-i?BIT-Ci-i?BIT-Bi-i?follow up until dischargeLadavas et Al. 2011Dadsingle-blindPseud-RCTPlacebo( impersonal spectacless )ni30TPA gp=10CPA gp=10CT gp=10a?2mWore wide-field prismaticlenses bring oning a 10a- displacement ocular field to right and repeat pointing undertakings30 min/sessionone per twenty-four hours,10 Sessionss2wTPAi?sBIT-Bi+i?BIT-Ci+i?CPAi?sBIT-Ci-i?BIT-Bi-i?No followupRobertson et Al. 2002LAsingle-blindRCTsilent person devicen=40LA+PT=19i2 drop-outi?PT=21i2 drop-outi?Lanthanum152.8A142.4Platinum152.1 A117.9utilizing a semi-automatic device for limb activation combined with perceptual preparation45 min/ sessionone time a hebdomad12 Sessionss12wBIT-Bi-i?BIT-Bi-i?follow-upi18-24mLuukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009LAsingle-blindRCTtraditional ocular scanning preparationni12LA gp=6CT gp=6a6 marm activation trainingiDetermined by the single manus and arm motor position assessed by WMFTi? good 48 hours of therapy3wBIT-Ci +i?BIT-Ci+i?Follow-upi6mFong et Al. 2007TRTR+EPsingle-blindRCTconventional OTni54TR gp=19TR+EP gp=20CT gp=15a8 tungsten automobile trunk rotary motion wasperformed in three different places supine lying on a pedestal, unsupported sitting on a pedestal, and standingin a standing frame1 hour/session5 times /week30dBIT-Bi-i?BIT-Ci-i?BIT i-i?BIT-Bi-i?BIT-Ci-i?BIT i-i?Follow-up= 60dTsang et Al. 2009EPsingle-blindRCTconventional OTni34EP gp=17CT gp=17EP21.5A21.67Connecticut22.18 A 15.87underwent occupational therapy with particular spectacless barricading the right half ocular field30min ADL +30min NDT for UL/day4wBIT-Ci+i?No followupHarvey et Al. 2003VFRCTSame activities Without feedbackni14VF gp=7CT gp=75-25 mexperimenter-administered pattern of rod raising with justice centre grids for proprioceptive and ocular feedback1h/d with 3di?so 10 yearss of homebased intercession3d/2wBIT-Ci+i?BIT-Bi-i?BIT-Ci+i?BIT-Bi-i?follow-upi1mKoch et Al. 2012Terbiumdouble-blindRCTfakespiral angled 90Ani18T BS gp=9CT gp=9a?1 m( 43A16d )3-pulse explosions at 50 Hz repeated every 200 millisecond for 40 s i80 % AMT over the left PPC2 essions/di15min intervalli?5 d/week2wBIT-Bi+i?BIT-Ci+i?BIT i+i?BIT-Bi+i?BIT-Ci+i?BIT i+i?follow-upi1mFerreira et Al. 2011Military policemanVSTsingle-blindRCTConventional PT without any intervention for disregardni15MP gp=5VST gp=5CT gp=5a? 3 mVolt The protocol included 4 undertakings 2 directed to the extrapersonal infinite and 2 turn toing peripersonal disregard Military policeman included 4 undertakings 2 undertakings of motor imagination and 2 of ocular imagination.1h/sessionTwice per hebdomad5wVST BIT-Ci+i?Military policeman BIT-C ( )VST BIT-Ci+i?Military policeman BIT-Ci-i?follow-upi2mAbbreviations PA=prism version LA=limb activation TR= bole rotary motion EP=eye patching VF=Visuomotor feedback TBS=Theta-burst stimulation MP=mental pattern VST= ocular scanning preparation BIT= Behavioral Inattention Test BIT-C= BIT conventional subtest BIT-B= B IT behavioural subtests OT=occupational therapy PT=physiotherapyParticipantsThis reappraisal encompassed 277 topics with one-sided disregard. All of them were grownups with right encephalon harm due to stroke most of the topics had a diagnosing of first individual right hemisphere stroke. The continuance from the shot moving covered from acute stage ( a4w ) to chronic stage ( a?6m ) , scarcely most surveies were conducted in the subacute and chronic stage after shot. All surveies used similar inclusion and exclusion standards including age, diagnosing of shot ( the lesion location based on CT or MRI ) , right-handed, presence of one-sided disregard identified by either a clinical scrutiny or a standard disregard appraisal battery, and free of any other confuse neurological shortages or rational damages.InterventionsAmong the 12 surveies included, five 27, 32, 39, 40 implemented the effectivity of prism version ( PA ) . There were differences in the PA process, one survey 27 used insistent PA for a short period, and another survey used different feedback schemes in PA ( Terminal prism version, TPA and Concurrent prism version, CPA ) .During TPA, merely the concluding portion of the indicating motion is seeable and prism version relies most strongly on a strategic recalibration of visuomotor eye-hand co-ordinates. In contrast, for CPA the 2nd half of the indicating motion is seeable, and therefore version chiefly consists of a realignment of proprioceptive co-ordinates 39 . All the five surveies used the same control methods with impersonal goggles. There were two 21, 30 articles apply limb activation, other articles used different intercessions visuomotor feedback, practical world, insistent transcranial magnetized stimulation ( Theta-burst stimulation ) . Compared to a old reappraisal 45 , there was no new intercession reported in this reappraisal in the clip period except the uninterrupted Theta-burst stimulation ( cTBS ) . We included a RCT utilizing rTMS with high quality for the first clip. All surveies investigated individual intervention, except one RCT survey 26 investigated the effectivity of combinations of two different therapeutics ( trunk rotary motion and eye-patching ) .Duration of intervention period ranged from 3-day 29 to 5-week 38 , but for half of the surveies the intervention frequence was 30 min per session, 5 Sessionss per hebdomad, and 2 hebdomads for a entire 10 Sessionss. All intervention were conducted in infirmaries except one 22 survey involved self-administered home-based pattern for two hebdomads.Outcome measuringIn all surveies the results included usable activities and asperity of disregard. The functional results included the Functional Independence Measure, the Barthel Index, upper limb motor maps ( the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Modified Motor Assessment Scale ) every bit good as the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set. Apart from the BIT, the result for neglect badness in cluded the Catherine Bergego Scale ( CBS ) , the Bell Cancellation Test, reading and computerized ocular hunt undertakings, and paper-and-pencil disregard trials.There were three surveies 32, 35, 36 utilizing BIT entire tonss, three surveies 27, 39, 40 utilizing both the BIT-C and the BIT-B individually as results, two surveies 26, 44 utilizing both the BIT entire, the BIT-C and the BIT-B as results. Merely one survey 21 utilizing the BIT-B entirely as the result.Effectss of rehabilitation intercession1. The optimum intercession for disregardCohen s vitamin D on single consequence sizes was calculated as the difference between the pre- and posttest agencies for the individual intervention group, divided by the SD of the pretest scores. There were more than one paper about PA, so we pooled the consequence size of PA prior to relative comparing on all consequence sizes. The consequences showed that for immediate effects, PA was the highest one when measured by BIT-C and BIT-B, while CBT was the highest in BIT entire graduated table all attacks showed low consequence size in the durable effects ( Table 3a & A 3b ) .Table 3a Immediate consequence size of each attackResultsSurveyApproachEffect sizeBIT-CLadavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011Ladavas et Al. ( 2 ) 2011Mizuno et Al. 2011Dad1.31 -0.26, 2.88 ( pooled )Ferreira et Al. 2011VST1.16 -0.24, 2.56 Harvey et Al. 2003VF1.15 -0.25, 2.55 Tsang et Al. 2009EP0.71 0.02, 1.41 Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.50 -0.19, 1.19 Luukkainen-Markkula 2009LA0.27 -0.87, 1.41 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.19 -0.48, 0.86 BIT-BLadavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011Mizuno et Al. 2011Dad0.86 -0.45, 2.18 ( pooled )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.16 -0.52, 0.84 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.15 -0.52, 0.82 Robertson et Al. 2002LA-0.08 -0.70, 0.54 BIT ( Total )Koch et Al. 2012Terbium1.46 0.39, 2.53 Serino et Al. 2009Turton et Al. 2010Dad0.55 0.16, 0.94 ( pooled )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.40 -0.28, 1.09 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.18 -0.49, 0.85 Table 3b durable consequence size of each attackItemsSurveyApproachEffect sizeBIT-CMizuno et Al. 2011Nysa et Al. 2008Dad0.52 -0.07, 1.11 ( pooled )Luukkainen-Markkula 2009LA0.38 -0.76, 1.53 Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.26 -0.52, 1.03 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.25 -0.47, 0.97 BIT-BFong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.26 -0.51, 1.03 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.22 -0.50, 0.94 Mizuno et Al. 2011Nysa et Al. 2008Dad0.03 -0.55, 0.60 ( pooled )Robertson et Al. 2002LA-0.23 -0.85, 0.40 BIT ( Total )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.27 -0.50, 1.05 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.24 -0.48, 0.96 Koch et Al. 2012Terbium1.97 0.79, 3.14 Serino et Al. 2009Turton et Al. 2010Dad-0.06 -0.57, 0.44 ( pooled )2. Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsIn order to see the overall effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions on disregard, we applied a meta-analysis on all BIT consequences refer to standardised average difference ( SMD ) and 95 % assurance intervals ( CI )utilizing random-effects theoretical accounts. The comparing consequences of both immediate and durable effects based on BIT were summarized in Table 4 and inside informations of single intercessions are presented in wood unavowed figure ( fig 2a & A 2b ) .Table 4 Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsResult or SubgroupSurveiesParticipantsStatistical MethodEffect Estimate1.1 immediate effects13547Std. hold still for Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.57 0.29, 0.84 A A 1.1.1 BIT-C9209Std. convey Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.76 0.28, 1.23 A A 1.1.2 BIT-B6183Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.37 -0.16, 0.91 A A 1.1.3 BIT ( Total )5155Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.55 0.16, 0.94 1.2 durable effects9400Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.21 0.01, 0.41 A A 1.2.1 BIT-C5117Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.37 0.00, 0.74 A A 1.2.2 BIT-B5145Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.04 -0.29, 0.37 A 1.2.3 BIT ( Total )5138Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.36 -0.21, 0.92 Fig 2a Rehabilitation intercession versus any control, result immediate effectsFigure 2b rehabilitation versus any control, result durable effectsImmediate consequence of rehabilitation intercessionFig.2a showed the forest secret plan of the immediate effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was important heterogeneousness across the surveies, the random consequence theoretical account was chosen. The BIT-C had a statistically important average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 p=0.002 ) . The BIT-B showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 p=0.006 ) . The sensitiveness of each test on the average consequence size was besides assessed by excepting one test one time at a clip.The overall conse quence was the same even when any one of the tests was eliminated. changeless consequence of rehabilitation intercessionFig.2b showed the forest secret plan of the durable effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important on all results of the BIT-C, BIT-B, and BIT ( Total ) .The impact of each test on the average consequence size was besides evaluated by excepting one test at a clip. The consequence was still non-significant ( p & gt 0.05 ) even when one of the tests was eliminated.Pooled consequence of PA on disregardSince there was more than one survey on the consequence of PA, we pooled the consequence size of each result ( Table 5 ) . No statistically important consequences were found both immediate and durable effects in all results with important heterogeneousness.Table 5 PA intercession on DisregardResult or SubgroupSurveiesParticipantsStatistical MethodEffect Estimate2.1 immediate effects5216Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Rand om, 95 % CI )0.89 0.27, 1.51 A A 2.1.1 BIT-C374Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )1.31 -0.26, 2.88 A A 2.1.2 BIT-B374Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.86 -0.45, 2.18 A A 2.1.3 BIT ( Total )268Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.59 -0.02, 1.19 2.2 durable effects4125Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.15 -0.20, 0.51 A A 2.2.1 BIT-C247Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.52 -0.07, 1.11 A A 2.2.2 BIT-B116Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )-0.04 -1.06, 0.97 A A 2.2.3 BIT ( Total )262Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )-0.06 -0.57, 0.44 4. DiscussionOur systematic reappraisal indicates that there is modest grounds back uping prism version and oculus patching to cut down one-sided disregard in patients with shot, as shown by the BIT-C both in immediate and durable effects. Other surveies proved positive effects with usage of ocular scanning preparation 36 , visuomotor feedback 22 , and TBS 46 . Since Koch et al 44 , Merely reported the entire mark of BIT and entire tonss of BIT-C and the BIT-B was non available, it is impossible to pull the decision that rTMS was better than prism version in bettering the public presentation of undertakings from the BIT-C and BIT-B for neglect patients.Harmonizing to this reappraisal, the PA seems slope to had the highest consequence size in immediate effects, but the 95 % assurance interval of consequence size crossed over nothing point, so it is no statistically important when it come to the decision. prism version, a bottom-up intercession affecting sensory-motor malleability, was foremost described by Rossetti et al 46 based on the phenomenon of visuo-motor version. And has been widely used as a mental image to show visuomotor short-run malleability 47 .the process consists of have oning an optical prisms and a series of insistent perceptual-motor indicating motions. The possible nervous mechanism underlying the curative consequence is that p rism version reduces left spacial disregard by easing the enlisting of integral encephalon countries responsible for commanding normal visuospatial end product by ways of short-run sensori-motor malleability. This technique have produced some betterment in a broad scope of disregard symptoms particularly the ocular 1s 48-50 . However, some opposite consequences were reported 51, 52 , The inconsistent consequences likely due to the incomparability of intervention setup, continuance of the intervention, differences in the undertakings used to measure prism version effects and the post-stroke continuance. Similar to PA, oculus patching is another underside up compensational intercession for disregard. In our reappraisal, Tang 25 reported that the 4 hebdomads application of right hemi-visual field patching demonstrated a important consequence with consequence size of 0.71. This technique concentrates the patients attending on the contralesional infinite by barricading the ipsiles ional ocular field, which lessens the disinhibition to the pointing mechanism of the ipsilesional side ensuing from interhemispheric instability. But more good quality RCTs is needed for measuring the existent impact on disregard.The theta-burst stimulation ( TBS ) is a sort of insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) which showed comparatively high consequence size as measured by the BIT entire tonss in our reappraisal. Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) has become a popular method to excite the human encephalon, Insistent stimulation ( rTMS ) has particularly gained involvement for its curative potency to modify cortical irritability 53 , which overlook visible radiations on the usage of the inter-hemispheric competition theoretical account in explicating the recovery after neglect upset in shot patients 54-57 . Harmonizing to these surveies, the insistent Transcranial magnetized Stimulation ( rTMS ) induced and repaired the interhemispheric instability ( a neglect-like behaviour ) in the left or right posterior parietal cerebral mantle in lusty worlds. Based on these findings, some surveies were conducted to research whether this attack may be utile in advancing clinical recovery from disregard and the consequence is guarantee 57-60 . Compared to traditional standard cognitive intercession, rTMS can speed up clinical recovery and more effectual in bettering standard trials. And it seemed that the severely patients at baseline benefited more from the intercession. However, the different result measurings and clinical test methodological restriction made it impossible to pull any decision based on hardy grounds.This reappraisal can non reply inquiry refering the best beginning clip for neglect rehabilitation intercession, because that most participants of the included surveies were recruited in either the subacute or chronic stages. Merely few surveies implemented rehabilitation to pretermit within one month after stroke 26, 27 . As most of the unwritten recovery after shot was happened in the first month 61 , in order to avoid the confounding of self-generated recovery, farther research is necessary to find the effects of an earlier rehabilitation against natural recovery of one-sided disregard after shot. Neglect is the best individual forecaster of long-run functional damage and hapless result in the early phase 62, 63 , and recent surveies on the mechanism of neglect emphasized more on the secondary adaptations of remote web related to attending 64 . A survey 65 based on neuroimaging showed that at two hebdomads after shot, the usually functional connectivity between left and right dorsal parietal cerebral mantle was disrupted and the grade of dislocation correlated with the badness of left spacial disregard. So it is sensible that patients should get down neglect intercession every bit shortly as possible in the acute phase in order to avoid erudite no-use occurred over the neglect side by increasing multisensory inputs or stimulation to the ipslateral encephalon parts and decelerate down the secondary alteration in the encephalon relation to pretermit. For farther research, we recommend earlier intercession and adequate follow up to maximise the benefit and proctor persist consequence of disregard rehabilitation and functional results.Our reappraisal indicates that the BIT conventional subtests and the BIT entire mark may be used to mensurate the immediate effects on one-sided disregard as the entire average consequence size on immediate effects was 0.76 and 0.57 severally, which can be consider as clinically important 66 . The BIT behavioural subtests should non be used entirely as an result as we could non establish any satisfactory consequence in the BIT-B as the consequence size is excessively little ( average immediate consequence size=0.37, average durable consequence size=0.04 ) to make any statistical important consequences.Restrictions of the reappraisalTh e reappraisal exists some restrictions. The quality of the included surveies limits the determination of this reappraisal. Although there was an betterment in the coverage quality as the average sum mark in this reappraisal was 6.08 A 0.81 ( ranged from 5 to 9 ) as rated by the PEDro, which is higher than that of the antecedently reported mark 4.56 A 1.54 with a scope from 2 to 7, obtained from the overall RCTs in another reappraisal of neglect rehabilitation 7 . The intention-to-treat analysis is non satisfied by any of the surveies. The sightlessness design is still the most failing of these RCTs. The heterogeneousness of surveies included meant this meta-analysis is less powerful and could non place a conclusive optimum intervention approach.in add-on encompassing hunt may acquire more surveies to beef up the decision.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rTMS possibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.

Patient Advocacy: Concept Analysis Essay

breast feeding is a challenging, rewarding and exciting explosive chargeer. The hit the books fors position is not limited to changing bandages, big(p) needles and offering support, as the past has indicated. The role of the modern nurse is one of advise, caregiver, teacher, re look forer, counselor, and case manager. The caregiver role includes those cultivateivities that assist the client physically and psychologically piece preserving the clients dignity (Kozier, Erb, & Blais, 1997, p.129). In order for a nurse to be an effective caregiver, the longanimous must be treated as whole. enduring protagonism is another role that the modern nurse assumes when providing quality care. Advocacy is defined as the active support of an important cause, supporting others to act for themselves or chating on behalf of those who pilenot speak for themselves.Literature ReviewThere is significant information written in the nursing literature some patient protagonism however, not all t hat has been written is in the form of empirical evidence (Schroeter, June 2000). Concept analysis is a method of inquiry that produces a clearer meaning of words. Beth Rogers (2000) believes that purpose analysis is the foundation for expanding nursing knowledge and developing nursing theory. The concept of patient advocacy has been referenced and studied in many articles because the definitions and principles of advocacy been broadly speaking defined, leading to ambiguous interpretations (Bennett, 1999). The perioperative nurses role as a patient pep up has been described as to inform patients of their rights in a exceptional situation, to support patients in decision they makes, and to intercede when on that point is a need to protect the patients rights (AORN, 2003).Client advocacy is the application of skills, information, resources and action to speak out in favor of causes, ideas, or decisions to preserve and improve the quality of life for those who cannot effectively speak for themselves. Tyson (1999, p 64) defines patient advocacy as the act of educating and supporting clients so they can make the best decisions possible for themselves. Nurses frequently encounter clients that feelpowerless, vulnerable to assert their own rights. The role of client advocate is there to protect the rights of clients. Advocacy has become a concept in nursing implement that is misunderstood and often overlooked by nurses practicing in the role of the caregiver. Professional registered nurses have a duty to protect their patients and have an ethical obligation to act in any instance in which patients may be in danger. The aim of this analysis is to explore operational definitions of the theoretical concept of advocacy in the perioperative setting.AttributesAdvocacy is a contemporary nursing issue comprising tierce essential attributes, respect for patient value, education of patients, and respect for patients individuality. During the perioperative period there are several scourts that will necessitate the nurse acting on behalf of the patient because his/her altered state of consciousness during the procedure (AORN, 2003). Events such as lack of respect for modesty and dignity during the procedure, inadequate or inaccurate consents for surgery, incompetent care providers and surgeons, compliance with do-not-resuscitate orders during the operative period (AORN, 2003). The nurses role as advocate is to facilitate, encourage or to enable patients to be adoptd in all aspects of their health care so far when unable to do so. graphic symbolsModel CaseOne of the responsibilities of the perioperative nurse is to ensure all foreign items have been removed from the wound prior to closure of the incision. If there is a missing item, the RN is to take travel to prevent closure of the wound prior to the item being located or initiate steps to obtain an x-ray to locate the item in the wound if needed. Some surgeons continue to close the wound while there is a search for the item. performing as a patient advocate, this may require that the RN refuse to provide additional sutures until the item is found. This action may prompt anunpleasant result from the surgeon, yet the nurse still takes the action as an advocate to prevent patient harm during the post-op period.Borderline CaseA pediatric patients parents have adamantly refused the use of linage products during the procedure. The cardiac procedure is notorious for intra-operative bleeding. During the procedure the parents have to rely on the intervention of healthcare professionals to respect his wishes even if the outcome is poor. The surgeon is aware of this, as is the nursing and operating room staff. However, once the patient is under anesthetic, the surgeon states he will use blood products. The nurse refuses to support the surgeons decision to go against the wishes of the patients parents. Although the nurse disagrees with the parents, he/she has to comply with their wishes.Related CaseSituations of coercion may occur in the OR environment because of poor communication and time constraints. An example the patient changes his or her mind regarding surgery and surgical team members try on to eliminate these concerns with the patient. The surgeon tries to answer questions of the patient and attempts to convince the patient to undergo surgery. If the patient is on the OR bed with all the team members around, it may be considered a coercive situation (Schroeter, June 2000). To advocate for the patient the nurse should have the patient sit up to converse with everyone at the same level.Illegitimate CaseAn elderly female patient arrives to the operating room for a hip fracture repair. The patients chart contains the appropriate put downation for do-not-resuscitate orders. The patient verbally expressed the desire for these orders to be followed during the operative period. After induction of anesthesia the anesthesiologist intubates the patient. Duri ng the procedurethe surgeon and anesthesiologist discuss leaving the patient intubated until she gets stronger. The nurse calls the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and provides the staff with ventilator orders.AntecedentsAntecedents are events that must occur before the concept (Walker and Avant, 1995). Advocacy for surgical patients has two predate events. First there is the circumstance of vulnerability where simply being a patient is to be vulnerable. The patient in his or her susceptible state competency be facing conflict or in a situation that requires a decision. Other antecedents include a willing and motivated nurse to take on the responsibility for patient advocacy. Advocacy for patient rights promotes provider accountability and motivates the nurse to be proactive in educating patients and upholding patient rights regardless of the consequences. Patient advocacy is applicable to the perioperative practice environment, for it is during this time that patients experience extreme vulnerability because they often are sedated or anesthetized (Schroeter, June 2000).ConsequencesThe consequences of acting as a patient advocate can be potentially negative or positive for patient and nurse. As a result of nurse advocacy the patient will benefit because change magnitude knowledge regarding his or her health care choices. Knowledge should reduce the fear and anxiety patients experience because of fear of the unknown. Because the nurse has demonstrated integrity and willingness to protect the patient, there is an increased sense of trust and feelings of security for the patient during the perioperative experience.Perioperative nurses work closely, and often for long hours, with surgeons and surgical technologists as members of the surgical team. Many peri-operative nurses acknowledge that their role is to advocate for patients but they may not have the administrative power to achieve this goal (Schroeter, June 2000). Nurses acting in the patients interest ma y experience negative feedback from colleagues if the advocacy requires thenurse to go against a team member or physician order. Speaking up when an event happens that violates a patients rights may emerge the nurse fearing they may lose their jobs, be harassed by others, be disciplined at work, or even sued in a court of law. mesmerism statementPatient advocacy is a part of the Patients Bill of Rights put forth by the American Hospital Association (AHA). This document states that activities must be conducted with an overriding concern for the patient and recognizes his/her dignity as a human being. There are in fact many perioperative practices that involve ethics and advocacy, such as lack of respect for the patients dignity, inadequate consents, do-not-resuscitate orders, withholding information or blatant lying to patients and incompetent healthcare providers.The perioperative nurse is obligated to provide a care environment that supports the patients self- governance, personal safety and security, and dignity regardless of the values of the provider. Kathy Schroeter (2000) defines advocacy as part of the patients rights when seeking the services of health care. Many patients are anesthetized during operative procedure. This leaves them vulnerable and at the mercy of the providers performing the procedure. The peri-operative nurse should do and act in the patients stead according to the patients wishes to prevent harm, injury, or unwanted procedures performed even if the nurse believes the care would be beneficial to the patient.ConclusionAdvocacy is not as some people suspect it is about making decisions for patients or acting in loco parentis. It is about ensuring that no one overrides the needs, rights and humanity of patients. Many perioperative practice issues involve ethics and advocacy. Advocacy is very applicable to the perioperative practice environment because it is during the surgical experience that the sedated or anesthetized patient is most vulnerable.Nurses develop relationships with patients that put them in a position of trust and they are often the first to identify a patients ethical concerns. Individually, each of the attributes is a helping strategy used in nursing only when all three attributes are present can advocacy be appreciated by the patient and the nurse.ReferencesAORN, Inc. (2003), ANA code for nurses with interpretive statementsexplications forperioperative nursing, in standards, recommended practices, and guidelines. Denver,CO AORN, Inc.Avant, K. & Allen Abbot ,C. (2000). Wilsonian concept analysis applying the technique.Concept Development in Nursing (2nd ed ), chapter 5. Retrieved June 17, 2005 fromUniversity of Phoenix Nursing 513 eResource on the World Wide Webhttps//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp.Avant, K. (2000). The Wilson method of concept analysis. Concept Development in Nursing (2nded) chapter 4. Retrieved June 17, 2005 from University of Phoenix Nursing 513eResource on the World Wide Web https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp.Bennett, O. (1999). Advocacy in nursing. Retrieved on June 16, 2005 fromhttp//www.nursing-standard.co.uk/archives/ns/vol1411/v14w11p4041.pdfsearch=define%20patient%20advocacyBeyea, S.C. (2005). Patient advocacynurses keeping patients safe. Retrieved June 16, 2005from University of Phoenix Library on the World Wide Web http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/458/248/64857036w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A132841335&dyn=3xrn_3_0_A132841335?sw_aep=uphoenix.Kozier, B., Erb, G. & Blais, K. (1997), Professional nursing practice (3rd edition), Don MillsAddison-Wesley.Meleis A (1991) Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress. Second edition. New York,NY, JB Lippincott.Rogers, B. (2000). Concept Development in Nursing, 2nd edition Retrieved June 17, 2005 fromUniversity of Phoenix Nursing 513 eResource on the World Wide Webhttps//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp.Schroeter K. (May 1999). Ethical percepti on and resulting action in perioperative nurses. AORNJournal, 69, 991-1002.Schroeter, K. (June 2000). Advocacy in perioperative nursing practice. AORNJournal, 71,1207-1222.Schroeter, K. (May, 2002). Ethics in perioperative practicepatient advocacy. AORN Journa,75, 94lTyson, S. R. (1999), Gerontological nursing care, Toronto W.B. Saunders Company.Walker L, Avant K (1995) Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. Third edition.Connecticut, CT, Appleton-Lange.

Louis Vuitton Malletier V Dooney & Bourke Inc

Louis Vuitton M on the wholeetier v Dooney & Bourke Inc. In this famous case known as the Battle of the Handbags Louis Vuitton (LV) sues Dooney & Burke (D&B) for brand infringement of its multicolore line. The Plaintiff, Louis Vuitton Malletier ,is a French fashion ho social function founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. The famous label is well known for its LV monogram, which is featured on most of its ingatherings. Louis Vuitton is considered as one of the worlds most valuable and prestigious brands. The LV monogram was created in 1896 by Louis son Georges Vuitton who invented the token and the letters represent his fathers initials.The logotype is a Japanese-inspired flower motif which initially was created as a way to prevent counterfeiting. This memorable logo is now synonymous with luxury, brilliance and indulgence. It is the worlds 29th most valuable brand and is estimated to be worth over $19 billion USD. regrettably, Louis Vuitton is one of the most counterfeited brands in the fashion world due to its image as a status symbol. The comp both discovers counterfeiting seriously, and use of goods and servicess all its possible resources to fight counterfeiting. The Defendant, Dooney & Bourke, is an Ameri spate troupe founded in 1975 by Peter Dooney and Frederic Bourke.The company specializes in fashion accessories and is best known for its high quality handbags, accessories, and travel luggage. Their Signature and Mini Signature handbags consist of the DB initials coordinate in a repeating pattern. The fo down the stairss of the company started off with two introductory products surcingle belts and suspenders for men. Their products became very popular due to their unique design and color. Now Dooney & Bourke is a long-familiar brand in America and has a good reputation for making quality products. The defining look of Dooney & Bourke is elegant and sophisticated, but above all, it is timeless.Its classic designs show these handbags the perfect access ory for any outfit due to the superior quality and unique form. In 2002, the designer Marc Jacobs invited the Japanese artist Takashi Murakami to come up with a fresh take on the Louis Vuitton toile monogram famous entwined LV logo intermixed with flower shapes for a new line of bags. This led to the creation of the Monogram Multicolore design, in 33 colors, displayed on handbags in a repeating pattern against a white or black background. The bags made their debut on Paris runways in October 2002 and were then presented in prestige retail outlets in March 003, where they sold for up to $3,950. Previously LV registered its famous LV monogram design pattern and the individual unique shapes as trade stones with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In July 2003 D in collaboration with Teen Vogue developed a new line of handbags for teenagers. It was launched as the It billfold collection. The pattern on the purses consisted of the entwined DB initials printed in contracting c olors on variety of colored backgrounds and white and black background. D released handbag line looked homogeneous to Louis Vuittons trendy model, but the price was signifi canistertly lower.Considering the fact that Louis Vuitton fights counterfeiting very aggressively, non surprisingly, the matter ended up in the homages. LV immediately viewed the It Bag as a copy of their design. When Louis Vuitton gathered with legal counsel on their options to file suit against Dooney and Bourke, they became aw ar of the alternatives that were available to them in order to move forward. For designers and manufacturers in the American Fashion industry, there are four possible avenues to explore 1) Copyright tax shelter, 2) Patent protection, 3) Trade Dress protection and 4) Trademark protection.Copyright protection covers a draw of categories including literacy, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial and architectural works. Within this range, the only one that is applicable to fashion designs is pictorial, as it shields two- and three- dimensional works. Patent protection shields any new and useful process, weapon, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful im examinement thereof. Since the design in the fashion industry rarely creates a new process, machine or manufactures, they have a separate statute specifically for them for new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.Trade dress protection is addressed under the Lanham stand for to defend the design and appearance of the product as well as that of the container and all elements making up the total visual image by which the product is presented to customers. Colors have also been addressed under the Trade dress protection in which the United States Supreme Court has stated that the color and designs of a product are only protected under the Lanham Act if a secondary meaning has been demonstrated.Color and design must be associated by the customer for that exceptiona l product over time. In 2004, the legal team decided to advance with option 4 Trademark protection. They claimed trademark infringement, trademark dilution, as well as unfair competition and false designation. Trademark infringement harbors a manufacturer or sellers product to include a word, slogan or symbol. For instance, Apple is an example of a word that cannot be used in relationship with software or computers as it will cause confusion from a consumers perspective.Nike holds the trademark of the slogan Just Do It that is associated with its product and McDonalds hold trademark of the golden arches symbol. In some instances this protection can issue to other properties such as its color or even its packaging. For trademark dilution claims, the distinctive quality of a mark must be diluted by blurring or tarnishment. However, the likelihood of confusion is not necessary. Unfair competition and false designation is characterized as likely to cause confusion, mistake or deceive t he consumer.Section 43(a) states any person who on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container goods, used in commerce any word, term, name or symbol, or device, or any combination therefore, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact which a) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with some other person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or (b) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities or geographic origin of his or her or another persons goods, services or commercial activities, shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act. In addition under sections 32 and 43(a) of the Lanham Act, trademark p rotection extends above the registered trade mark to the unregistered trademarks from misuse or reproduction in commerce. Once a trademark is established as fundamentally distinctive or to have developed secondary meaning, as well as protection under the Lanham Act, one can then address the likelihood of confusion under trademark infringement.Statutes require a sense of clear case situation as well as a specific element of which the claim can be proven as a violation of the practice of law. This means that sequential evidence is needed, as this poses the validity of the claim and further trifles the justification of the case. Without this evidence, the case could be deemed as void, as there is no possible evidence that can prove the claim. Statutes also require the clarity of the case, which means the details of the case or the violation should be given in chronological order so that the justifications set for the claim as well as the laws that could be used to make it more justif ied could be legally provided.There is actually a varied definition on how violations of laws happen. There are times when a crime commit may not be a violation of the law, or the violation of the law is not a crime. This happens when the crime being claimed is not part of the cooking stove of the statute, or there is no existing law for such crime. Therefore this results in deliberating on whether the action indeed is a crime or a violation of the law. Situations such as this often arise from actions where the defendant is ignorant of the law which he has violated. In addition, the claimant can be the one who is ignorant of the law when he situated evidence on the crime allegedly committed by the defendant.Now that we have a thorough understanding of the applicable laws, the rules that govern those laws and what are required by the statutes to prove a violation of law we can examine how the case unfolded. As previously stated, Vuitton filed suit against D&B in April of 2004 in t he United States District court for the Southern District of New York, claiming trademark infringement, unfair competition and false designation, and trademark dilution. Vuitton moved for a explorative injunction against D&B which would have stopped sales of the it bag until the case was resolved. The District court ruled in favor of D&B and Vuitton was not granted the injunction. In determining trademark infringement the court applied the two prong test required of Section 43 of the Lanham Act.First the test looks to whether or not the mark merits protection by determining if the unregistered trademark is distinctive or has achieved secondary meaning. In this case the district court did note that Vuittons design was distinctive and had garnered secondary meaning in the market place. The second part of the test involves deciding whether the defendants use of the mark is likely to cause consumers confusion as to the origin or sponsorship of the defendants goods. Accordingly the co urt then examined the eight factors weighed in determining likelihood of confusion 1) the strength of the mark, 2) the similarity between the marks, 3) the proximity of the roducts, 4) the likelihood that the plaintiff will bridge the gap between the markets of the two marks, 5) actual confusion, 6) the defendants good credence in using his or her mark, 7) the quality of the defendants product, and 8) the sophistication of the customers. The district court ruled that there was no likelihood of confusion base on its evaluation of the 8 factors and thus denied the injunction. In addition, the district court found that Vuitton was unable to prove trademark dilution. LV appealed the injunction denial to the warrant Circuit Court of Appeals hoping to force the court into making a more broad judgment with regard design piracy. Unfortunately for Vuitton the court was not in the mood to make a statement in favor of protect designers.Rather than make its own ruling on the case, based on t he facts laid out before the court, the Second Circuit instead focused on a mistake by the district court in its application of the exemplification of likelihood of confusion. The Second Circuit had previously held in Louis Vuitton Malletier v. Burlington Coat Factory that courts must use a sequential market place proportion earlier than a side by side comparison when applying the standard of likelihood of confusion. The district court had used a side by side comparison that the Second Circuit deemed improper. In addition, the Second Circuit agreed with the district court that LV was not able to prove trademark dilution at the federal official level.In order to prove trademark dilution the plaintiff must demonstrate the following its mark is famous, the defendant is making commercial use of the mark in commerce, the defendants use began after the mark became famous, the defendants use of the mark dilutes the quality of the mark by diminishing the capacity of the mark to identify and distinguish goods and services. Vuitton was able to prove the first three requirements but was unable to prove actual dilution. While the court did agree that LV could not prove actual dilution (the federal requirement) they vacated the injunction at the state level due to the fact that it only requires LV to show likelihood of dilution.The Second Circuit decided to remand the similarity of the marks factor back to the district court for reconsideration. This meant that the district court would use the sequential market place comparison when examining the similarity of the marks and hold onto all other previous analysis of the likelihood of confusion factors. Even if the market place comparison had an effect on that one factor it was very marvellous to affect the outcome of the district courts ruling because the similarity of the marks was just one of eight weighted factors. The Second Circuit was basically making a statement with its handling of this case that it was not prep ared to make a precedent setting ruling on the lack of protection for design piracy in the fashion industry.Even if they desired to address the topic, strictly following the established law would have prevented them from coming up with a dissimilar result. The court may have felt that any perceived or real injustice plaguing the fashion industry should be handled through with(predicate) the adoption of compose law rather than legislated from the bench. Ultimately in May of 2008 the district court granted summary judgment to D&B on all claims. The court found that Louis Vuitton did not have adequate evidence to present with regards to the trademark infringement or dilution claims. While the outcome of the case disappointed many good deal because D&B did copy the design, the court based its decision on the interpretation of the law.Another example of a trademark infringement case that could have implications is European Trademark v Google. Originally LV sued Google in France claim ing trademark infringement from Googles AdWords program and the French court ruled in LVs favor. The court held that Google was committing trademark infringement and diluting the trademark when it decided to sell the LV name to other companies in order for their site to pops up upon a search. Unfortunately for LV the European Court of Justice later ruled that Google in fact was not guilty of trademark infringement. There is a silver line for LV. The court stated that advertisers using a trademark as a keyword can be held liable for infringement.The court specifically stated that such use of a trademark by the advertiser adversely affects the source-indicating function of the trademark if the advertisement does not enable normally informed and reasonably attentive net users to ascertain whether goods or services referred to by the ad originate from the proprietor of the trademark or, on the contrary, originate from a third party. Thus, a company like Louis Vuitton does have legal r ecourse if it finds misleading advertisements from searches of its brand. In addition, Google can be held accountable if it was aware of the improper use of the trademark and did not take the ad or content down.The ruling could have impacted a case like Louis Vuitton Malletier v Dooney & Bourke Inc. , but instead has gone farther towards protecting companies in the fairly unregulated internet market place. In closing, companies like LV will have to continue to be extremely aggressive through the use of lawsuits in order to protect their brand. Once more laws are applied to specific industry, such as the fashion industry, it will become easier to convey. The courts can only interpret the law, not create laws to safeguard these specific industries. The courts, as well as the citizens, have to trust that the legislative branch will graduation up and address these complex issues.

Children of a Lesser God Essay

This film is based on a stage happen of the same title. It tells about James Leeds, a man who teaches children with special needs in a school for the deaf and those who be hard of hearing. He is a devoted and inventive teacher who shows a deep compassion for his students, applying teaching methods he could think of just to draw out the interest of his students to learn, do more and accomplish things to the fullest of their capacity.James meets and falls in love with Sarah Norman, a beautiful woman who works for the same school and has been deaf since she was a baby. At kickoff Sarah avoids James until he is able to draw her out from her shell and eventually he is able to convince her to live together. Sarah is full of bitterness, hurt and other excited scars over the mistreatment she experienced while she was growing up because of her impairment and this jeopardizes their relationship. Sarah has to come to terms with her personal issues and needs to feel that she is an independe nt woman.In due course, they are able to settle things amidst the difficulties they come across in communication. The movie made me realize the significance of communication among people and people who have communication disorders should be given special attention in order for them to be heard. Even individuals who are fully capacitated physically have a hard time in getting messages understood. I just hope that there will be more teachers like James Leeds in this world who loves what he does and changes the lives of other people.The movie, which focuses mostly on the hearing impaired, is very much relevant to this course. It gives us the glimpse of how they live and struggle to be understood and to understand others. It portrays the complexity of their lives and helps us give notice how difficult things are for them and moves us to do something for them.WORKS CITED Children of a Lesser God. Dir. Randa Haines. Perfs. William Hurt, Marlee Matlin, Piper Laurie, Phillip Bosco. VCD. P aramount Pictures, 1986.

Business Model: Amazon versus eBay Essay

A corporations transaction model is the activities it uses to pass water and capture value with its offerings to the market. Modelling helps firms develop business visions and strategies, redesign and align business operations, sh be knowledge about the business and its vision and curb the acceptance of business decisions through committing stakeholders to the decisions made (Persson & Stirna , 2001). virago and eBay both sh are space in the retail industry of e-retail and e-commerce services. The two companies have found supremacy by conducting business using the internet by providing products, services, and information to consumers. Although, B2C (business to customer) strategies have helped both companies to achieve success they have sustained and dominated the market through evolving business models that capitalize on value creation to the consumer. eBays business model is based on creating an online trading community where the company provides an auctioning platform that b rings traffickers and buyers together. Thousands of items are listed in catalog form according to topic and category. eBay at no time takes possession of any item which leaves shipping costs details amid the buyer and seller. However, it does offer secure payment methods free of charge.On the other hand, virago incorporates a long tail retail business model which assumes that products that are in low demand or have low sales volume can collectively make up a market conduct that rivals or exceeds the relatively few current bestsellers and blockbusters, but only if the store or distribution channel is large enough (Investopedia, 2014). By offering a large variety of products on its sites for sell inventory is kept in what the company terms as fulfilment centers. Whereas when merchandise is selected and paid for through Amazons e-commerce site it is shipped free or at little cost to the buyer. The value creation does not end once the exchanges of goods have taken smear for both eBa y and Amazon they have extended the transaction process by incorporating feedback forums. For example eBay depends on the integrity of others in making person to person honorable transactions there is a feedback forum where the seller and buyer can comment on the process. Amazon in turn has created customer value and committal by offering a comment section where buyers can rate experience on a star system, and provide reviews.The seller is tracked by Amazon using ametric system based on number of reviews and ratings in percentages telling how much positive feedback a seller has sure in a specific time. heavily and leverages its fixed assets to and On the other hand, Amazon beginning as an online book seller utilizing B2C strategy quickly redefined its retail strategy to include large varieties of products that are stored in what it The company in compensation charges listing fees or insertion fee to promote the product, and a last(a) sales price fee of 7.9% once the final bid is accepted. Through these activities eBay creates value to the consumer by providing a vast listing of items for sale in mavin location, ease of use, and security in financial payment methods. Although, eBays business model is built around its core competencies of on-line person to person auctioning Amazon has taken a more innovative approach by redefining its business model and creating entirely new markets. Amazon beginning as an online book seller utilizing B2C strategy quickly redefined its retail strategy to include large varieties of products.While incorporating a long tail retail business model which assumes that products that are in low demand or have low sales volume can collectively make up a market share that rivals or exceeds the relatively few current bestsellers and blockbusters, but only if the store or distribution channel is large enough (Investopedia, 2014). Hence Amazon dumps lilliputian term profits for long term investments often making the company appear not pr ofitable in its financial statements. Amazon through business model innovation (BMI) evolves by thinking long term continues to fill the white space by focusing and then capitalizing on the unmet needs of consumers. The company since inception in 1995 Amazon started off by focusing on Business-to-Consumer relationships between itself and its customers, and Business-to-Business relationships between itself and its suppliers but it then moved to incorporate Customer-to-Business transactions as it realized the value of customer reviews as part of the product descriptions. t is when an online company earns its revenues mainly by selling a broad selection of products.

Data Communications Essay

Differentiate in the midst of an analog and a digital electromagnetic foretell. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal. What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a sine wave. Define underlying frequency.What is the relationship between a signals spectrum and its bandwidth. What is attenuation? Define channel capacity. What key factors dissemble channel capacity?ProblemsFigure 1 shows the frequency domain function for a single square pulse. The signal pulse could represent a digital 1 in a talks system. Note that an infinite number of higher frequencies of decreasing magnitudes is needed to represent the single pulse. What implication does that have for a real digital transmittal system?Suppose that a digitised TV picture is to be catching from a source that uses a matrix of 480 x 500 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel can take on one of 32 intensity values. Assume that 30 pictures are sent per second. (This digital source is is roughly equivalent to broadcast TV standards that have been adopted.) Find the source rate R (bps) Assume that the TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel with 4.5Mhz bandwidth and a 35dB signal-to - entropy ratio. Find the capacity of the channel (bps). Discuss how the parameters given in part (a.) could be modified to allow transmission of colour TV signals without increasing the mandatory value for R. What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300Hz bandwidth and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB, where the noise is white thermal noise? A digital signalling system is required to operate at 9600bps. If a signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the minimum required bandwidth of the channel? Repeat part (a.) for the case of 8-bit words.Given the narrow (usable) audio bandwidth of a telephone transmission facility, a nominal SNR of 56dB (400,000), and a certain aim of distortion, What is the theoretical maximum channel capacity (kbps) of traditional telephone lines? What can we say about the actual maximum channel capacity?Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20Mpbs, the bandwidth of the channel is 3MHz. Assuming white thermal noise, what signal-to-noise ratio is required to achieve this capacity? If an amplifier has a 30dB emf gain, what voltage ratio does the gain represent? An amplifier has an output of 20W. What is the output in dBW? AnswersShort QuestionsWith guided media, the electromagnetic waves are guided along an enclosed physical pathway whereas unguided media provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but do not guide them. A continuous or analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time while a discrete or digital signal is one in which the signal intensity maintains one of a finite number of constant levels for some period of time and then changes to other constant level. Amplitude, frequency, and phase are three important characteristics of a periodic signal. The relationship is f = v, where is the wavelength, f is the frequency, and v is the speed at which the signal is traveling. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency component in the Fourier representation of a periodic quantity. The spectrum of a signal is the frequencies it contains while the bandwidth of a signal is the width of the spectrum. attenuation is the gradual weakening of a signal over distance. The rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication path, or channel, under given conditions, is referred to as the channel capacity. Bandwidth, noise, and error rate.

Exam 1 human resource management

1. According to the justifiedly of privacy, employers can conceal the nature of the transmission line before hiring an employee. bookman solvent straighten out coif treasonably false 2. The concept of human choice management implies that employees argon interchange sufficient, easily replaced assets that must be managed deal any other sensible asset. scholar response limit help False False 3. Currently, no federal laws outline how to subroutine employee databases in order to protect employees privacy while in any case shock employers and societys concerns for security. savant resolution right rejoinder confessedly lawful 4. The role of HR generalist is bound to recruitment and selection. assimilator reaction advance Answer False False 5. Which of the hobby is NOT a necessary quality of human resources? Student rejoinder define Answer A. gay resources are valuable. B. Human resources are not imitable. C. H uman resources are easily retainable. D. Human resources have no good substitute. 6. wherefore has the job tr wind up shifted to broadly defined jobs? Student Response Correct AnswerA. Emphasis on innovation and quality B. Demand for low skilled unravelers C. Increased focus on simplifying jobs D. Lack of contest 7. demarcation design is Student Response Correct Answer A. the process of defining the way litigate will be performed and the tasks that a given job requires. B. the process of getting detailed tuition more or less jobs. C. the process by which the validation attempts to identify suitable employees. D. the planned effort to enable employees to learn job-related knowledge, skills, and behavior. 8. organizational development and change are areas where HR professionals gener exclusivelyy play only a supporting role. Student Response Correct Answer False False 9. As a type of resource, human keen refe rs to Student Response Correct Answer A. the wages, benefits, and other costs incurred in support of HR functions in spite of appearance an organization. B. executive talent inside an organization. C. the tax-deferred value of an employees 401(k) plan. D. employee characteristics that add economic value to the organization. 10. According to the Gallup survey, which aspect of their jobs are most leaners largely satisfied with? Student Response Correct Answer A. Health insurance benefits B. solitude plans C. Relations with co swear outers D. Amount of money earned 11. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that about one-tenth of employed individuals work in alternative employment arrangements. Student Response Correct Answer avowedly real 12. The U. S. work force is predicted to become more diverse in terms of ethnicity and racial background. Student Response Correct Answer True True 13. An HRIS can be used to perfo rm primarily all of the pursuit except Student Response Correct Answer A. support strategic decision-making. B. avoid litigation. C. evaluate programs and policies. D. motivate employees. 14. When an organization at a lower placetakes a complete review of its critical work processes to pee them more efficient and to be able to deliver higher quality, it is engaging in Student Response Correct Answer A. outsourcing. B. high- work work system design. C. total quality management. D. reengineering. 15. What effect has the use of employee empowerment had upon recruiting? Student Response Correct Answer A. It has arrive atd an intertheme labor market. B. It has substantially enhanced employment opportunities for women and minorities. C. It has shifted the focus by from technical skills to general cognitive and interpersonal skills. D. It has significantly reduced recruiting costs. 16. How does e-HRM affect ep itome and design of work? Student Response Correct Answer A. Online simulations, including tests and e-mail, can measure job candidates ability to deal with real-life business challenges. B. Employees can review profits and bonus instruction and seek information about and enroll in benefit plans. C. Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. D. Online learning can fig out training to employees anywhere, anytime. 17. Privacy, as an important issue in e-HRM, might best be addressed by which one of the following technologies? Student Response Correct AnswerA. A website B. An intranet C. A high-performance work system D. A shared dish center 18. When two companies join forces and become one entity, it is termed a Student Response Correct Answer A. partnership. B. consolidation. C. merger. D. joint venture. 19. Independent contractors a re Student Response Correct Answer A. persons who work for an organization only when they are impoverishmented. B. self-employed individuals with multiple clients. C. employed by a temporary agency. D. employed directly by a company for a specific time. 20. Which one of the following technologies lets a company rent space on a remote computer system and use the systems software to manage its HR activities, including security and upgrades? Student Response Correct Answer A. Application service providers B. Internet portals C. Shared service centers D. Business intelligence 21. Title VII of the Civil Rights crook of 1964 applies to all organizations that employ 20 or more persons working 20 or more weeks a class and that are involved in interstate commerce. Student Response Correct Answer False False 22. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 Student Response Correct Answer A. limits damage claims to lost benefits and attorneys fees an d costs. B. requires violators to pay vindicatory damages that make out emotional pain and suffering. C. requires violators to pay compensatory damages, an amount beyond actual loss. D. limits the maximum retaliatory damages allowed, depending on the size of the organization. 23. The EEOC is NOT the enforcement agency for the Student Response Correct Answer A. shape up Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. B. Rehabilitation Act of 1973. C. Equal Pay Act of 1963. D. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. 24. Which legislative/regulatory actions are under the direct control of the President? Student Response Correct Answer A. Constitutional amendments B. Judicial decisions C. Legislation D. Executive orders 25. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from nifty against individuals based on all of the following EXCEPT Student Response Correct AnswerA. age. B. race. C. religion . D. national origin. 26. Under disparate impact, the plaintiff must prove that the employer intended to discriminate. Student Response Correct Answer True False 27. Which of the following cases would most likely be subject to a lawsuit filed under the disparate treatment theory of discrimination? Student Response Correct Answer A. A sort out of females are laid off due to a downturn in business. B. Black applicants are macrocosm disproportionately spurned on the basis of a psychological test. C. A black applicant is sour down for a job based on a handwriting analysis. D. A woman with school-aged children is rejected on the assumption that she will frequently be absent from work. 28. An individual wishing to file a complaint with the EEOC or a similar state agency must file the complaint within _____ days of the incident. Student Response Correct Answer A. 30 B. 60 C. 90 D. 180 29. The iii basic components of an affirmative action plan include all of the following EXCEPT Student Response Correct Answer A. utilization analysis. B. measurement tools. C. goals and timetables. D. action steps. 30. When an individual is promised a positive outcome for entree to sex, or threatened with a negative outcome for failure to submit to sex, this is referred to as Student Response Correct Answer A. disparate treatment. B. disparate impact. C. reverse discrimination. D. quid pro quo harassment. 31. In terms of the Job Characteristics Model, the degree to which a job requires completing a entirely piece of work from beginning to end is Student Response Correct Answer A. autonomy. B. skill variety. C. task significance. D. task identity. 32. For which of the following occupations is it easiest to implement telework? Student Response Correct Answer A. Production technician B. Quality management C. Machine operator D. Gra phic creator 33. In contrast to tasks, duties, and responsibilities, KSAOs are characteristics about people and are not directly observable. Student Response Correct Answer True True 34. What is the SBAR method? Student Response Correct Answer A. Standardizing information at handoff points by describing the situation, giving the context, evaluation of the condition, and recommending action. B. Reducing the complexity of the work, making it so simple that near anyone can be trained quickly and easily to perform the job. C. The study of the interface between individuals physiology and the characteristics of the physical work environment. D. Enlarging jobs by combining several congenerly simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of tasks. 35. In which of the following scenarios will workers be less motivated to perform the job? Student Response Correct Answer A. When the job requires a variety of skills to be performed. B. When the job requires completing the whole piece of work from beginning to end. C. When the job has minor impact on the lives of other people. D. When the job allows individuals to make decisions about the job. 36. Which of the following would qualify as a compressed workweek? Student Response Correct Answer A. Employees are required to be at work from 1000 a. m. to 300 p. m. and can recognize additional hours before/after this diaphragm. B. Two part-time employees work in different shifts and share the tasks of a specific job. C. Employees are permitted to work 10 hours a day, Monday through Thursday. D. Employees can choose to work away from a centrally located work area. 37. When job analysis information is used to judge the relative worth of different jobs within an organization, the HR activity is termed Student Response Correct Answer A. performance evaluation. B. training and development. C. job evaluation. D. work redesign. 38. Which of the following arrangements would qualify as job rotation? Student Response Correct Answer A. A receptionist is required to perform the jobs of file clerk and typist. B. Team members assemble components and also pack products into cases. C. Team members make decisions regarding how to resolve problems with customers. D. A manager participating in a impact while on vacation with his family. 39. Which one of the following would be most appropriate when gathering information about clerical and technical job duties? Student Response Correct Answer A. A job analyst visits the piece of work and watches/videotapes an employee performing the job. B. A manager/supervisor imagines what a well-done job would looking like. C. A job analyst questions the peers about a particular job. D. A job analyst visits the workplace and asks employees to show what the job entails. 40. The Fleishman Job Analysis System provides an accurate picture of the ability requirements of a job. Student Response Correct Answer True True 41. Which of the following is NOT true of outsourcing? Student Response Correct Answer A. Outsourcing is a logical choice when firms lack experience in an area. B. Outsourcing often involves ventures with exotic companies. C. Outsourcing is currently restricted to manufacturing and low-skilled jobs. D. Outsourcing is driven by economies of scale. 42. Several forces are drawing out older workers careers. Which of the following is NOT one of them? Student Response Correct Answer A. The improved health of older people, unite with the decreased physical labor required by many jobs, makes working longer a executable option. B. The acute shortage of qualified younger workers has resulted in employers offering increased incentives to older workers to remain on the job. C. Age discrimination laws and the outlawing of mandatory retirement ages have limited or ganizations ability to induce older workers to retire. D. legion(predicate) workers fear Social Security will be cut, and they do not have adequate employer-sponsored pensions to cover anticipated costs. 43. How do organizations determine labor supply? Student Response Correct Answer A. Analyzing where the need for people with the necessary skills and experience will increase or decrease. B. Analyzing job categories held in one period and the proportion of employees in each of those job categories in a future period. C. Indicating a specific figure about what should happen with the job category or skill area and a specific timetable for when the results should be achieved. D. Planning elimination of large numbers of personnel with the goal of enhancing the organizations competitiveness. 44. According to research on recruitment, it is effloresce that recruiting sources are more important than characteristics of the vacancy for predicting job choi ce. Student Response Correct Answer True False 45. Job applicants find companies with employment-at-will practices more attractive than companies with due-process policies. Student Response Correct Answer True False 46. The largest share of new employees hired come from which external source? Student Response Correct Answer A. Career fairs B. Referrals C. College recruiting D. Advertisements 47. In a survey of large well-known businesses, about one-third of reach job positions were filled by Student Response Correct Answer A. insiders. B. referrals. C. on campus recruitment. D. direct applicants. 48. extra time is most suited for short-term labor shortages. Student Response Correct Answer False True 49. Research demonstrates that realistic job previews significantly reduce employee turnover. Student Response Correct AnswerTrue False 50. An organizations core competency is Student Response Correct An swer A. a clear analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations existing internal labor force. B. decisions about how an organization will carry out human resource management, including how it will fill job vacancies. C. a set of knowledge and skills that make the organization superior to competitors and create value for customers. D. a forecast of the proportion of employees who are members of various protected groups.