A Lesson Before Dying Essay

A Lesson Before Dying takes place in a teensy lah Cajun community in the late 1940s. In the novel, Jefferson, a unexampled black man, is an unwitting party to a liquor store pull out in which three men argon killed being the only if survivor, he is convicted of a murder and sentenced to death. To face this novel Gaines displays respectable lit agery devices desire oscilloscope, sound, and characterization therefore helping I as the contributor feel the emotions of Jefferson from his point of view.In the initial compass of the novel, Jefferson sits in a tribunal located in rural Louisiana, which is filled with impatience, tension, isolation, and quietness from the state in the room. This setting of the book supports Jeffersons personality in chapter society when Jeffersons character is introduced. Jeffersons cell could be considered the second setting or Jeffersons setting in the book. Jeffersons relationship to the tourist salute (initial setting) supports Jeffersons personality in the prison.He is isolated just like in the courtroom. There was an empty cell between Jefferson and the rest of the pris atomic number 53rs (Gaines 71). Jeffersons cell was non only isolated like a courtroom in rural Louisiana, but quiet. Jeffersons been quiet . . . He didnt answer (Gaines 71). collectible to Jeffersons isolation and quietness, he has built anger inside. An anger which had been building up since the courtroom conviction. Nothing dont matter, he said looking up at the ceiling.The first setting of the novel is similar to Jeffersons cell setting. The three settings The courtrooms, location and condemnation era of the town, and prison all take up similarities to Jeffersons character traits. The court trial scene embodies everything that is contained within the novel. All events that occur throughout the absolute novel argon a repercussion of Jeffersons court case. These deal set up the t champion that is simply perceived throughout the novel. Gaine s tone in the novel shifts as the novel progresses.Gaines made the novel baffle with a pessimism view everything take hold ofmed awful and negative especially the court trial. Gaines shows us this disgust tone by telling us the details of the board members. The twelve white control board members of the case shows us that Jefferson matte up dominate by the whites. As the novel goes on Gaines tone shifts and Jefferson seems more witting and confident, the anger and disgust diminishes the longer Jefferson sits in put behind bars.The twelve white jury members were in any case Gaines itinerary of showing the dominance, and power of the whites during this ime, only thinking that blacks are only good for make believeing, and is incapable of thinking for themselves Do you see a modicum of intelligence? A trait inherited from his ancestors in the deepest jungle of blackest Africa What you see here is a thing that acts on command. (Gaines7). Understanding this prison term era is important for the tone, and Gaines gives good examples representing the era to the tone. Gainess style is unique because the rhetorical language that he uses mends the readers mental picture.For example, when Gaines was describing Miss Emma at the beginning of the novel he says she became as immobile as a great stone or as one of our oak cypress stumps(Gaines 36). This allowed me as the reader to picture Miss Emma and the condition that she is in with a mental image throughout the entire novel. He withal utilise figurative language plot of land he describes in chapter fourteen the Louisiana Countryside. Gaines told in great detail the cemetery appearance as appointment walked through and then explain the smells and feelings he has while Grant explores the profits Cane Planation with Vivian.The literary devices were greatly put to use by Gaines to explain, and portray his novel to any reader. He has made a novel enjoyable for an audience that may not like reading payable t o his badinage (tone), and figurative language to set up numerous scenes. The settings are a main building block for this novel because the court room and the jail cell is when the story line is put together. Each trial, and everyday draw by Gaines about Jefferson in jail puts the novel together into one amazing novel that I pull up stakes be sure to recommend.A Lesson Before Dying EssayThe economic downturn of the past several(prenominal) years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local righteousness enforcement agencies. harmonise to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is before long experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The restore of this downturn will moderate in a change of how truth enforcement functions are delivered.As has been discussed by the COPS Office music director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent binds published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expecta tions will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the calculate is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local reckons to tame to pre-2008 takes is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders are face with compute contractions that are in study to identified in assorted ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, sound out what the naked human beings safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a).The set up of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the nigh 510 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently control not just by the economy, but by local administration officials who determined that allocating 3050 percent of their command fund work outs for familiar safety be is no longer a pecuniary disaster (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to re covert on the national level, nearly economists agree that lo cal jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term.Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures County and municipal budgets tend lagging behind the general economy, which is one of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service deliverywhich has been with us for the last 50 yearsis already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 35 years. Police departments pull in been one of the affected by the current economic climate.Restricting revenues nationwide take away forced local governments to make cuts in spending crossways the board, which has affected everything to include public safety run budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic d ownturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good example is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in budget implementation.The objective of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation problem for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting addressed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from old items figures to arrive at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every political program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to achieve, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage.Zero base budgeting is analogous to market concept in terms of information requirement and zeroing in on customized unavoidably. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Niger ias budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely ground on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem.Many have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and dodging. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas supply s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the twain processes arent well integrated,resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be effective to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget cycle refers to the whole process from the commencement of ontogenesis a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the mass of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year.However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the respective(a) departments budgets to the time the appropriation bills are signed into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial stairs of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the presidents budget diligence to the Congre ss.This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a count of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A budget commode also be defined as an arrangingal plan that is verbalize in monetary terms. It is used as a road social occasion for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an judicature. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget prep for the new fiscal year marks the first flavor of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001).The steps outlined below are steps of a sample governments budget cycle Budget calmnesss this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval this entails the executive committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respecti ve supervisors who address the respective cost items. orbicular Changes the salaries are adjusted so that they reflect salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources section.Closing this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the chase fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In approximately instances, law enforcement management prepares overlord budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets.By establishing an operating and financial budget for a in store(predicate) period, management can constitute problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When fore casting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming accounting or financial year. They are expatiate by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not neutered once the year begins.However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare good deal when an annual budget should be revised such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organizations capacity to the add institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks.Thus, budgets facilitate the process of fashioning adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards boffo financial grooming. It plays a significant role in the strategical planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital improvements. I have a very strong opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be modified to jar against the current business environment.Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for salt away only budget information they should not determine the budgeting pro cess. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up i.e. upper level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by ontogeny a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. One of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires perish channels of communication, support from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics.Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we rivet too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in excess of the benefits derived. T he challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In assign for department to compensate for dwindling budget, many law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their general lifestyle in order to offset the reduction in usable spending.Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shop in discount stores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, instantly law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and hand brake responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and creative techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way.Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing abudget is an important tool for determine the departments performance, in motivating the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organizations financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE budget AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL ZERO BASE BUDGETING, panacea TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sc iences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http//www. cops. usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). music directors Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/ gain/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Directors Column July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.