Load Balancing as an Optimization Problem: GSO Solution

Load rapprochement as an optimisation Problem GSO SolutionMETHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONIn this chapter, we presented a falsehood methodological psychoanalysis which con berthrs despatch balancing as an optimization problem. A random approach, G utterworm swarm optimization (GSO) is employed to solve the above mentioned optimization problem. In the proposed method, excellent features of various fol depressive disordering ladle balancing algorithms as discussed chapter 2 argon too integrated.PROPOSED METHODOLOGYThere atomic number 18 numerous overcast figure categories. This work mainly focuses on a public denigrate. A public spoil is base on the typical cloud computing simulate, and its services provided by service provider 42. A public cloud pull up stakes comprises of some(prenominal) nodes and the nodes be in several(predicate) physical locations. smirch is sectionalizationed to manage this large cloud. A cloud consists of several cloud phonationitioning with se parately partition having its own load balancer and on that point is a main controller which manage all these partition.3.2.1 personal line of credit Assignment systemAlgorithm for assigning the jobs to cloud partition as shown in Fig. 2 tint 1 jobs arrive at the main controller measuring 2 choosing the cloud partitionStep 3 if cloud partition state is escaped or normal state henceStep 4 jobs arrive at the cloud partition balancer.Step 5 assigning the jobs to particular nodes ground on the scheme. radiation pattern 3.1 F small-scalechart of Proposed Job Assignment Strategy.Load balancing StrategyIn cloud, Load Balancing is a technique to allocate workload over one or much servers, ne twork boundary, hard drives, or new(prenominal) total visions. part datacenter holdations depends on massive, signifi spatial sex acteriort computing hardw atomic number 18 and network communications, which ar accede to the common dangers linked with any physical device, including hard w atomic number 18 split upure, power interruptions and resource limits in case of luxuriously demand.High-quality of load balance lead development the performance of the entire cloud.Though, at that place is no general occasion that croupe work in all manageable different conditions. There are several method stool been employed to solve existing problem. from for each one one specific method has its merit in a specific knowledge domain but non in all circumstances. Hence, proposed model combines various methods and inter alters among appropriate load balance methods as per system status. Here, the idle status uses an Fuzzy Logic spot the normal status uses a international swarm optimization base load balancing system.Load Balancing using Fuzzy LogicWhen the status of cloud partition is idle, several computing resources are free and comparatively few jobs are receiving. In these circumstances, this cloud partition has the cap king to deal jobs as fast as possibl e so an effortless load balancing method back end be utilise.Zadeh 12 proposed a muzzy intend theory in which the set boundaries were non precisely defined, but in fact boundaries were gradational. Such a set is characterized by continuum of grades of membership function which allocates to each object a membership grade ranging from zero to one 12. A new load balancing algorithm based on Fuzzy Logic in Virtualized environment of cloud computing is implemented to achieve better continue upon and reception clipping. The load balancing algorithm is implemented before it outstretch the bear upon servers the job is programmed based on various input parameters like depute load of Virtual Machine (VM) and central processing unit revive. It contains the schooling in each Virtual gondola (VM) and numbers of request newly assigned to VM of the system. Therefore, It blot the to the low-tonedest degree loaded machine, when a drug user request come to process its job thus it identified the first least loaded machine and process user request but in case of more than one least loaded machine available, In that case, we tried to implement the new Fuzzy logic based load balancing technique, where the dazed logic is very natural like human language by which we raft formulate the load balancing problem.The fuzzification process is carried out by fuzzifier that transforms two types of input data like assigned load and processor speed of Virtual Machine (VM) and one output as balance load which are required in the inference system shown in figure 3.2, figure 3.3 and figure 3.4 respectively. By evaluating the load and processor speed in realistic machine in our proposed work like two input parameters to produce the better appreciate to equalize the load in cloud environment, fuzzy logic is used. These parameters are taken for inputs to the fuzzifier, which are demand to estimate the balanced load as output as shown in figure 3.4.Figure 3.2 Membership input function of Processor repairFigure 3.3 Membership input function of Assigned LoadFigure 3.3 Membership output function of Balanced LoadTo affiliate the outputs of the illative rules 13 , low- last inference method is employed. A number of IF-THEN rules are de margeined by making use of the rule-based fuzzy logic to get the output response with given input conditions, here the rule is comprised from a set of semantic control rules and the containing control objectives in the system.If (processor_speed is low) and (assigned_load is least) then (balanced_load is medium)If (processor_speed is low) and (assigned_load is medium) then (balanced_load is low)If (processor_speed is low) and (assigned_load is high) then (balanced_load is low)If (processor_speed is Medium) and (assigned_load is least) then (balanced_load is high)If (processor_speed is Medium) and (assigned_load is medium) then (balanced_load is medium)If (processor_speed is Medium) and (assigned_load is high) then (balanced _load is low)If (processor_speed is high) and (assigned_load is least) then (balanced_load is high)If (processor_speed is high) and (assigned_load is medium) then (balanced_load is medium)If (processor_speed is high) and (assigned_load is high) then (balanced_load is medium)If (processor_speed is very_high) and (assigned_load is least) then (balanced_load is high)If (processor_speed is very_high) and (assigned_load is medium) then (balanced_load is high)If (processor_speed is very_high) and (assigned_load is high) then (balanced_load is medium)As shown above, there are 12 probable logical output response conclusions in our proposed work. The Defuzzification is the method of changing fuzzy output set into a single abide by and the smallest of minimum (SOM) procedure is employed for the defuzzification.The total sum of a fuzzy set comprises a undulate of output cling tos that are defuzzified in order to trace a single output value. Defuzzifier embraces the accrued semantic values from the possible fuzzy control action and produces a non-fuzzy control output, which enacts the balanced load associated to load conditions.The defuzzification process is used to evaluate the membership function for the accumulated output. The algorithm-1 is defined to manage the load in Virtual machine of cloud computing as followsBeginRequest_to_resource()L1If (resource free)BeginEstimate attributeion_string()Select fuzzy_rulebase() show resource rarityElseBeginIf (Anymore resource anchor)Select_next_resource()Go to L1ElseExitEndEndThe proposed algorithm starts with request a touch onion to resource. It tribulations for availability of resource. It guess the connection strength if the resource found. Then select the connection, which is used to admission fee the resource as per processor speed and load in virtual machine using fuzzy logic.Load Balancing using GSO (Glowworm flock Optimization)When the status of cloud partition is normal, tasks arrives with faster rate com pare to idle state and the condition becomes more complex, thus a novel system is deployed for load balancing. Each user desired his job in the shor leaven time as a result the public cloud requires a outline that set up finish the job of all users with adequate response.In this optimization algorithm, each glowworm i is distributed in the objective function business relationship topographic station 14. These glowworms transfer own luciferin values and fork out the respective reaching called local-decision order . As the glow searches in the local-decision range for the inhabit set, in the live set, glow attracted to the neighbor with brightest glow. That is glow selects neighbor whose luciferin value extensive than its own, and the relief valve direction will metamorphose each time different will change with change in selected neighbor.Each glowworm encodes the object function value at its current location into luciferin value and advertises the same in spite of appearance its neighborhood. The neighbors set of glowworm comprises of those glowworms that have comparatively a higher luciferin value and that are situated within a can-do decision range and their movements are modifyd by equation (8) at each iteration.Local-decision range update (8)and is the glowworm local-decision range at the iteration, is the sensor range, is the neighbourhood threshold, the parameter generates the rate of change of the neighborhood range. Local-decision range consist of the following number of glow (9)and, is the glowworm post at the t iteration, is the glowworm luciferin at the iteration. the set of neighbours of glowworm comprises of those glowworms that have a comparatively higher luciferin value and that are situated within a dynamic decision range whose range is defined above by a circular sensor range Each glowworm as given in equation (10), i elects a neighbor j with a chance and process toward it asProbability distribution used to se lect a neighbor (10)Movement update (11)Luciferin-update (12)and is a luciferin value of glowworm at each iteration, leads to the reflection of the accumulative goodness of the path . This path is followed by the glowworms in their ongoing luciferin values, the parameter altogether ascends the function fitness values, is the value of test function.In this optimization algorithm, each glowworm is distributed in the objective function definition space 43. These glowworms transfer own luciferin values and have the respective scope called local-decision range . As the glow searches in the local-decision range for the neighbor set, in the neighbor set, glow attracted to the neighbor with brightest glow. That is glow selects neighbor whose luciferin value great than its own, and the flight direction will change each time different will change with change in selected neighbor. Figure 3.4 shows the flowchart of GSO algorithm.In the context of load balancing for cloud computing GSO al gorithm scar the status of the server simultaneously if it is free. For example a user wants to download a file size of it of 50 MB. It checks by iteration if user gets entered in server, it gets the message as achieve target.Figure 3.4 Flowchart of GSO abbreviation of the Accrual unusual person Accounting DissertationAnalysis of the Accrual Anomaly Accounting DissertationSloan (1996), in a determinative constitution, added the collection anomalousness in the list of the grocery imperfections. Since then, academics have focused on the empiric investigation of the unusual person and the connection it has with a nonher(prenominal) misspricing phenomena. The aggregation anomalousness is clam up at an immature stage and save research is needed to hold the lucrativeness of an accretions based strategy net of achievement cost. The current vignette investigates the accretion unusual person period pickings into consideration a UK strain from 1991 to 2008. In add ition, the predictive power of the Fama and French (1996) factors HML and SMB is being tested a enormous with the industrial production growth, the dividend fail and the term structure of the interest rates.Chapter 1 inductionSince the intromission of the random walk theory which formed the nates for the evolvement of the Efficient commercialize Hypothesis (EMH hereafter) proposed by Fama (1965), the financial writings has make some advances but a piece of the puzzle that is still wanting(p) is whether the EMH holds. Undoubtedly, the aforesaid(prenominal) debate can be considered as one of the well-nigh fruitful and fast progressing financial debates of the last two decades.The Efficient Market Hypothesis has met many quarrels regardless of which of its three forms are being investigated. However, the fragile form and semi punishing surmise have been the most controversial. A literally vast collection of academic cover discuss, explore and reason out for phenomena tha t seem to reject that the financial foodstuffs are efficient.The famous label of unusual person has taken several forms. numerous well-known anomalies much(prenominal) as the contrarian investment, the post annunciation plod, the collections anomaly and many others are just the beginning of an perennial trip. There is absolutely no doubt that many more are going to be introduced and turn out for the ability for the investors to earn antidromic returns will be authenticated.Recently, academics try to expand their investigation on whether these well- entered anomalies are very lucrative due to several limitations (transaction be etc) and whether the anomalies are connected. Many newsprints are exploring the connection of the anomalies with each other proposing the population of a principal misspricing that is documented into several forms.The current study tries to look into the anomaly that was initially documented by Sloan (1996) and has been labelled as the accumu lation anomaly. The accrual anomaly can be characterised as being at an embryonic stage if the basis for comparison is the amount of publications and the dimensions of the anomaly that light has been send away on.The facts for the accrual anomaly imply the existence of the opportunity for investors to earn vicarious returns by taking advantage of simple publicly available training. On the other hand, accruals comprising an invoice figure have been approached from different points of view with consequences patent in the results of the academic papers. Furthermore, crude(a) et al (2009) challenge the actual profitability of the accrual anomaly by simply taking transaction costs into consideration.The present paper employs an accrual strategy for a sample comprising of UK firms during 1991-2008. The claim is to empirically investigate the profitability of such strategies during the whole data sample. The methodology for the calculation of accruals is largely based on the paper of Hardouvelis et al (2009). Stark et al (2009) propose that the ordained excess returns of the accruals strategy are based on the profitability of small line of descent. In order to investigate the said(prenominal) claim, the current study employs an additional strategy by constructing intersecting portfolios based on accruals and size.Finally, five variables are being investigating at the secondment part of the study for their predictive power on the excess returns of the constructed portfolios. The monolithic paper of Fama and French (1996) documented an impressive performance of two constructed variables (the returns of portfolios named HML and SMB). In addition, the dividend yield of the FTSE all share index, the industrial production growth and the term structure of the interest rates will be investigated as they are considered as potential candidates for the prediction of rip returns.Chapter 2Literature check into2.1. IntroductionDuring the last century the financial w orld has offered many real(a) advances. From the Portfolio Theory of Markowitz (1952) to the development of the Capital Asset Pricing Model of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965), and from the grocery Efficient Market Hypothesis (hereafter EMH), developed by Fama (1965), to the recent literature that challenges both the CAPM and the EMH, they all seem to be a chain reaction.The financial academic world aims to give difficult but important answers on whether marts are efficient and on how investors should allocate their cash. During the last two decades, many researchers have documented that there exist strategies that challenge the claim of the agreeers of the efficient and complete markets. In this chapter, the effort will be focused on reviewing the financial literature from the birth of the liking of the EMH until the recent publications that confirm, reject or challenge it.In a determinative paper, Fama (1970) defined efficient markets and categorized them gibe to the type of information used by investors. Since then, the finance literature has offered a plethora of studies that aim to test or prove whether markets are indeed efficient or not. Well known anomalies such as the post announcement drift, the value-growth anomaly or the accruals anomaly have been the content of many articles ever since.2.2. Review of the value-growth anomalyWe consider as adjuvant to review the literature for the value growth-anomaly since it was one of the first anomalies to be investigated in such an design. In addition, the research for the value-growth anomaly has yielded a largely creative debate on whether the documented returns are due to higher take a chance or other source of mispricing.Basu (1970) terminated that investment trusts with high Earnings to determine ratio tend to overstep standards with low E/P. Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) documented that stocks that step forward to have low harm to a fundamental (book value, kale, dividends etc ) can outperform stocks with high expenditure to a fundamental measure of value. Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) initiated a nut-bearing period that aimed to settle the dispute on the EMH and investigate the suffers of such anomalies.Thus, the aforementioned researchers sparked the debate not only on the market efficiency system but as well as on what are the sources for these phenomena. Fama and French (1992) supported the estimation that certain stocks outperform their counterparts due to the big risk that the investors bear. Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) supported the motif that investors fail to correctly react to information that is available to them. The same idea was supported by many researchers such as Piotroski (2001). The latter also constructed a score in order to categorise stocks with high B/M that can yield positive brachydactylous returns (namely, the F Score). Additionally, the market efficiency debate drove behavioural finance to rise in po pularity.The value-growth phenomenon has yielded many articles that aim to find evidence that a utile strategy is feasible or trace the sources of these profits but, at the same time, the main approach adopted in each study varies substantively. Asness (1997) and Daniel and Titman (1999) date the price momentum, while Lakonishok, Sougiannis and Chan (2001) show the sham of the value of intangible assets on surety returns.In addition, researchers have found evidence that the value-growth strategies tend to be prospering worldwide, as their results declare oneself. To name a few, Chan, Hamao and Lakonishok (1991) focused on the Japanese market, present and Veld (1995) based their research on France, Germany and the Netherlands and Gregory, Harris and Michou (2001) examined the UK stock market.It is worth mentioning that only if the evidence of such profitable strategies could be sufficient to draw the prudence of practitioners, but academics are additionally interested in exploring the main cause of these arising opportunities as well as the traffichip betwixt the aforementioned phenomena (namely, the value growth, post announcement drift and the accrual anomaly). In general, two schools of horizon have been developed the one that supports the risk based explanation or, in other words, that stocks yield higher returns simply because they are riskier, and the one that supports that investors fail to recognise the correct signs included in the available information.2.3. The accruals anomaly2.3.1. Introduction of the accrual anomaly.Sloan (1996) documented that firms with high (low) accruals tend to earn negative (positive) returns in the following year. Based on this strategy, a profitable portfolio that has a tenacious get on stocks with low accruals and short position on stocks with high accruals yields approximately 10% abnormal returns. According to Sloan (1996) investors tend to overreact to information on current kale. Sloans (1996) seminar paper has been characterised as a tillable work that initiated an interesting to follow debate during the last decade. It is worth noting that notwithstanding the very recent literature on the accrual anomaly has not reached reconciling conclusion about the main causes of this particular phenomenon and about whether a trading strategy (net of transaction costs) based solely on the mispricing of accruals can be systematically profitable.At this point it is worth mentioning that the accruals have been found to be statistically significant and negative to predict future stock returns. On the other hand, there are papers that examine the accruals and its sexual relations with the aggregate market. A simple example is the paper publish by Hirshleifer, Hou and Teoh (2007), who aim to identify the relation of the accruals, if any, with the aggregate stock market. Their findings support that while the operating accruals have been found to be a statistical significant and a negative pre dictor of the stock returns, the relation with the market portfolio is strong and positive. They support that the sign of the accruals coefficient varies from industry to industry reaching a glance when the High Tech industry is taken into account (1.15), and taking a negative value for the Communication and Beer/Liquor industry.2.3.2 conclusion for the international straw man of the phenomenon.Researchers that investigated the accruals anomaly followed different approaches. At this point, it is worth noting that the evidence shows the accrual anomaly (although it was first found to be present in the US market) to exist worldwide. Leippold and Lohre (2008) examine the accrual anomaly within an international framework. The researchers document that the accrual anomaly is a fact for a plethora of markets.The contribution of the paper though, is the large and complete number of tests used, so that the possibility of pure randomness would be eliminated. Although, similar tests showe d that momentum strategies can be profitable, recent methodologies used by the researchers and proposed by Romano and Wolf (2005) and Romano, Shaikh and Wolf (2008), suggest that the accruals anomaly can be partially random.It is noteworthy that the additional tests make the anomaly to fade out for almost all the samples apart from the markets of US, Australia and Denmark. Kaserer and Klingler (2008) examine how the over-reaction of the accrual information is connected with the accounting standards applied. The researchers constructed their sample by solely German firms and their findings document that the anomaly is present in Germany too. We should mention at this point that, interestingly, prior to 2000, that is prior to the adoption of the international accounting standards by Germany, the evidence did not support the existence of the accrual anomaly. However, during 2000-2002, Kaserer and Klingler (2008) found that the market overreacted to accrual information. Hence, the autho rs support the idea that an additional cause of the anomaly is the lack of healthy mechanisms to enforce the preparation of the financial statements according to the international accounting standards which major power gave the opportunity to the firms to keep in line their gain.Another paper that focuses on the worldwide front line of the accruals mispricing is that of Rajgopal and Venkatachalam (2007). Rajgopal and Venkatachalam examined a total of 19 markets and found that the particular market anomaly exists in Australia, UK, Canada and the US. The authors primal goal was to identify the strike drivers that can realise the markets where the anomaly was documented. Their evidence supports the idea that an accrual strategy is favoured in countries where there is a common law tradition, an extensive accrual accounting and a low concentration of firms ownership combined with weak shareholders rights.LaFond (2005) also considers the existence of the phenomenon within a global framework. The authors findings support the sentiment that the accrual anomaly is present worldwide. In addition, LaFond argues that there is not a unique driving factor responsible for the phenomenon across the markets. It is worth noting that LaFond (2005) documented that this particular market imperfection is present in markets with diverse methodology of accrual accounting. Findings are against the idea that the accrual anomaly has any relation with the level of the shareholders protection or a common law tradition, as suggested by Rajgopal and Venkatachalam (2007). Finally, the author suggests that, if any, it is not the different method of accrual accounting (measurement issues) that favours or eliminates the accrual anomaly, but the accrual accounting itself.2.3.3. Further test for the roots of the accruals anomaly.Additionally, papers such as those of doubting Thomas and Zang (2002) or Hribar (2000) crumble accruals into changes in different items (such as inventory, acco unts payable etc). The findings catholically suggest that extreme changes in inventory affect returns the most. On the other hand, many articles connect the accruals with information used by investors, such as the behaviour of insiders or analysts, as the latter can be considered a major signal to the investors for a potential manipulation of the firms figures.In particular, Beneish and Vargus (2002) documented that firms with high accruals and significant insider merchandising have substantial negative returns.Bradshaw (2001) and Barth and Hutton (2001) examine the analysts reports and their relation with the accruals anomaly. Their findings support that the analysts prognostic error tends to be larger for firms with high accruals, while analysts do not revise their forecasts when new information for accruals is available.Gu and Jain (2006) decompose accruals into changes in inventory, changes in accounts receivable and payable and depreciation expenses and try to identify the imp act of the individual components to the anomaly. Consistent with Sloan (1996), Gu and Jain (2006) document that the accrual anomaly exists at the components level. The findings are important since Desai et al (2004) supported the connection of the accrual anomaly with a single variable (cash flows from operations). The researchers suggest that the results yielded by Desai et al (2004) were passing dependent on the methodology used and thus, suggested that the accruals anomaly is existing and well.Moreover, other articles try to confirm whether the anomaly is mainly caused by the wrong interpretation of the information contained in accruals. Ali et al. (2000), investigate whether the nave investors hypothesis holds. Following the methodology introduced by Hand (1990) and Walther (1997), they found that for smaller firms, which are more likely to be followed by cultivate investors, the relation between accruals and negative future returns is weaker compared to larger firms, which a re followed by many analysts. Therefore, the researchers suggest that, if anything, the nave investors hypothesis does not hold. In contrast to other market anomalies where findings suggest that the nave investors hypothesis holds, the accruals anomaly is suggested as unique.Shi and Zhang (2007) investigate the lolly regression toward the mean hypothesis suggesting that the accruals anomaly is based on the investors fixation or obsession on earnings. Their primal hypothesis is that if investors are highly based on the reports about earnings and misprice the value-relevant earnings, then the returns should be dependent not only on the accruals but also on how the stocks price changes according to reported earnings.The researchers hypothesis is confirmed and finding support that an accrual strategy for firms whose stocks price highly fluctuates according to earnings yields a 37% annual return. Sawicki and Shrestha (2009) aim to examine two possible explanations for the accruals anoma ly. Sloan (1996) proposed the fixation theory under which investors fixate on earnings and thus overvalue or undervalue information for accruals.Kothari et al. (2006) proposed the agency theory of overvalued equity according to which managers of overvalued firms try to prolong the period of this overvaluation which causes accruals to increase.The paper uses the insider trading and other firm characteristics and tries to compare and contrast the two major explanations. Evidence produces bd Sawicki and Shrestha (2009) support the Kothari et al. (2006) explanation for the accrual anomaly. In a relatively different in motif paper, Wu and Zhang (2008) examine the role that the drop rate rates play in the accrual anomaly.They argue that if anything, the anomaly is not caused by irrationality from the investorsside but by the rationality of firms as it is proposed by the q-theory of investment. They argue that since the discount rates fall and more projects become profitable (which make s accruals to increase) future stock returns should decline. In other words, if the capital investment correctly adjusts to the current discount rates, the accruals should be negatively cor connect with the future returns and positively correlated with the current returns. The evidence of Wu and Zhang (2008) support that the accruals are negatively correlated with the future stock returns but the contribution of the paper is in that they document that current stock returns are positively correlated with the accruals.2.3.4. The relation of the accrual anomaly with other market imperfections.Many papers examine the relation between the accruals anomaly and other well-known anomalies such as the post announcement drift or the value-growth phenomenon. Desai et al. (2002), suggest that the value-growth anomaly and the accruals anomaly basically interact and conclude that the accruals strategy and the C/P reflect the same underlying phenomena. collins and Hribar (2000) suggest that there in no link between the accruals anomaly and the PAD, while Fairfield et al. (2001) support that the accruals anomaly is a sub-category of an anomaly caused by the mistaken interpretation of the information about growth by the investors.subgenus Cheng and Thomas (2006) examine the claim that the accrual anomaly is a part of a broader anomaly (and more specifically, the value-glamour anomaly). Prior literature suggested that the operating cash flows to price ratio subordinates accruals in explaining future stock returns (Deshai et al (2004)). Their evidence suggests that the operate CF to price ratio does not subsume neither abnormal nor total accruals in future announcement returns. This particular result does not confirm the claim that the accrual anomaly is a part of a broad value-glamour anomaly.Atwood and Xie (2005) focus on the relation of the accrual anomaly and the mispricing of the particular items first documented by Burgstahler, Jiambalvo and Shevlin (2002). Their hypothe sis that the two phenomena are highly related is confirmed since the researchers found that special items and accruals are positively correlated. Additionally, further tests yielded results that suggest that the two imperfections are not distinct, while the special items have an impact on how the market misprices the accruals.Louis and Sun (2008) aim to assess the relation between the abnormal accrual anomaly and the post earnings announcement drift anomaly. The authors hypothesize that both anomalies are related to the management of the earnings and thus, they aim to find whether the two are button uply connected. The findings are uniform with the primal hypothesis, as they found that firms with large positive change of earnings that were least likely to have manipulated earning downwards did not suffer from PEAD, while the same result was yielded for firms that had large negative change of earnings that were least likely to have managed their earnings upwards.As supported by man y researchers the value-growth anomaly and accruals anomaly major power be closely related or they might blush be caused by the similar or crimson identical roots.Fama and French (1996) support that the book to market factor captures the risk of default, while Khan (2008) suggests that in a similar pattern firms with low accruals have a larger possibility to bankrupt. Therefore, many researchers try to connect the two phenomena or to answer whether a strategy based on the accruals can offer more than what the value growth strategy offers.Hardouvelis, Papanastopoulos, Thomakos and Wang (2009) connect the two anomalies by assessing the profitability of interacting portfolios based on the accruals and value-growth measures. Their findings support that positive returns are obtainable and magnified when a long position is held for a portfolio with low accruals while combined with stocks that are characterised as high market to book. The difference of a risked-based explanation or an i mperfection of the markets is considered to be a major debate, as it can challenge the market efficiency hypothesis.Many researchers, such as Fama and French (1996) noted that any potential profitable strategy is simply due to the higher risk that the investors have to bear by holding such portfolios. In a similar way, the profitable accruals strategies are considered as a compensation for a higher risk. Stocks that yield larger returns are compared or labelled as stocks of firms that are close to a financial distress. Khan (2000) aims to confirm or reject the risk-based explanation of the accruals anomaly.The researcher uses the ICAPM in order to test if the risk captured by the model can explain the anomaly first documented by Sloan (1996). It is worth noting that the descriptive statistics results for the sample used showed that firms that had low accruals also had high unsuccessful person risk.The contribution of the paper is that, by proposing a four factor model enhanced by r ecent asset pricing advances, it showed that a great portion of the mispricing that results in the accrual anomaly can be explained within a risk-based framework. Furthermore, Jeffrey Ng (2005) examines the risk based explanation for the accrual anomaly which proposes that accruals include information for financial distress.As proposed by many papers, the accrual anomaly is simply based on the fact that investors bare more risk and thus low accrual firms have positive abnormal returns. The researcher tries to examine how and if the abnormal returns of a portfolio which is short on low accruals stocks and long on high accrual firms changes when controlling for distress risk. Evidence supports that at least a part of the abnormal returns are a compensation for bearing additional risk. Finally, the results support that the big portion of the high abnormal returns of the accrual strategy used in the particular paper is due to stocks that have high distress risk.2.3.5. The accruals anoma ly and its relation with firms characteristics.A noteworthy part of the academic literature examines the existence of some key characteristics or drivers that are highly correlated with the accruals anomaly. Many researchers have published papers that aim to identify the impact of firm characteristics such as the size of the firm, characteristics that belong to the broader environment of the firms such as the accounting standards or the power of the minority shareholders. Zhang (2007) investigates whether the accrual anomaly varies cross-sectionally while being related with firms specific characteristics. The researcher primarily aims to explain which the main reason for the accrual anomaly is.As Zhang (2007) mentions, Sloan (1996) attributes the accrual anomaly to the overestimation of the persistence of accruals by investors, while Fairfield (2003) argues that the accrual anomaly is a special case of a wider anomaly based on growth. The evidence supports the researchers hypothesis that characteristics such as the covariance of the employee growth with the accruals have an impact on the future stock returns. Finally, Zhang (2007) documents that that accruals co-vary with investment in fixed assets and external financing.Louis, Robinson and Sbaraglia (2006) examine whether the non-disclosure of accruals information can have an impact on the accruals anomaly. The researchers, dividing their sample into firms that demote accruals information on the earnings announcement and firms that do not, investigate whether there exists accruals mispricing. The evidence supports that for firms that disclose accruals information, the market manages to correctly understand the discretionary part of the change of the earnings.On the contrary, firms that do not disclose accruals information are found to experience a correction on their stock price. put up and Paynes (2008) primal aim is to examine the relation of the accrual anomaly and the auditing quality. The researchers h ypothesis is that the accruals mispricing is related with the quality of auditing.Additionally, their findings support that the stock prices do not reflect the accruals persistence characterising the lower-quality audit firms. Finally, their empirical work finds that the returns are greater for the lower-quality audit portfolio of firms.Palmon, Sudit and Yezegel (2008) examine the relation of the accruals mispricing and the company size. Evidence shows that company size affects the returns and, as the researchers documented, the negative abnormal returns are mostly due to larger firms while the positive abnormal returns come from the relatively small firms. Particularly, as the strategy with the highest profits they found the one that had a short position in the largest-top-accrual decile and a long position in the smallest-low-accrual decile.Bjojraj, Sengupta and Zhang (2009) examine the introduction of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the FAS 146 and how these two changes affected the a ccrual anomaly. FAS 146 (liabilities are recognized only when they are incurred) reduced the companys ability to manipulate earnings while the SOX aims to enhance the credibility of the financial statements. The evidence recognises a change on how the market conceives information about restructurings charges. The authors propose that a possible explanation is that before the introduction of SOX and the FAS 146, the market was reluctant due to the ability of the firms to manage earnings. Finally, Bjojraj, Sengupta and Zhang (2009) document that post to the FAS 146 and the SOX act, low accrual portfolios do not generate positive abnormal returns.2.4. The applications of the accruals phenomenon and reasons wherefore it is not traded away.The importance of the analysis of the anomalies is substantial for two reasons. Firstly, the profitability of a costless strategy challenges the EMH, in particular if the strategy is based on bearing no additional risk. Secondly, managers incentives to manipulate the financial statements and consequently the accruals would be obvious if a profitable strategy based on such widely available information existed. Chen and Cheng (2002) find that the managers incentive to record abnormal accruals is highly correlated with the accrual anomaly. The hypothesis of the researchers, which their findings support, was that the investors fail to detect when the managers aim to record abnormal accruals and that whitethorn contribute to the accruals anomaly.Richardsons (2000) main objective is to examine whether the information contained in the accruals is utilized by short sellers. As the researcher mentions, previous articles such as that of Teoh and Wong (1999) found that sell side analysts were unable to correctly work the information contained in accruals for future returns. Richardson suggests that short sellers are considered as sophisticated enough to utilize the accruals information. Findings confirm previous work, such as that of Sl oan (2000), who suggests that even short sellers do not correctly utilize the information contained into accruals.Ali, Chen, Yao and Yu (2007) examine whether and how equity cash in hand benefit from the accrual anomaly by taking long position into low accruals firms. The researchers aim to identify how exposed are the equity firms to such a well known anomaly and what characteristics these funds share. By constructing a measure called accruals investing measure (AIM), they try to document the portion of the low accruals firms into the actively managed funds. The evidence shows that generally funds are not widely exposed to low accruals firms but when they do so, they have an average of 2.83% annual return. It is worth noting that the annual return is net of transaction costs.Finally, the side-effects of high volatility in returns and in fund flows of the equity funds that are partially based on the accrual anomaly might be the reason behind the reluctance of the managers. Soares a nd Stark (2009) used UK firms to test whether a profitable accrual strategy is feasible net of transactions costs. Their findings support that indeed the accrual anomaly is present in the UK market. The authors suggest that for such a strategy to be profitable, someone is required to alternate on firms with small market capitalization. They also suggest that although the accruals mispricing seems to exist also in the UK, the transaction costs limit the profits to such an extent that the accrual anomaly could be difficult characterised as a challenge to the semi strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.Finally, we should not inadvertence to mention two papers that discourse on why the markets do not simply correct the accruals anomaly. According to the classical theory, markets are so imperfect that can produce the incentive to the market to correct the anomalies at any point of time. Mashruwala, Rajgopal and Shevlin (2006) examined the transactions costs and the idiosyncrat ic risk as possible reasons of why the accrual anomaly is not arbitraged away. The researchers aimed to investigate why the market does not correct the anomaly, but also to identify whether the low accruals firms are riskier. The paper poses the question of what stops the informed investors from taking long positions into profitable stocks according to the accrual anomaly so that they can arbitrage it away. The paper examines the practical difficulty of finding substitutes so that the risk can be minimized and its relation with the accrual anomaly. Additionally, the paper investigates the transaction costs and findings support that according to the accrual anomaly, the profitable stocks tend to be the ones with low stock prices and low trading volume.Lev and Nissim (2004) focus on the persistence of the accr

Why Did Communism in Europe Fail?

Why Did socialism in europium Fail?The year 1989 saw a surprising and swift geological fault of r whollyy and east atomic number 63. Where only a few years in front the ouster of socialism would have been unimaginable, now art slight after sylvan removed its commie government and embraced some form of nation. Never in human history has there been much(prenominal) a sweeping governmental change apart from the result of some war machine engagement (Schopflin 1990, 5). Examining the powers stern the fall of collectivism presents First, the theoretical model of communism itself is flawed. It makes incorrect assumptions issueive human nature and supports an unsustainable frugal matrix. Economic and governmental pressures in substitution and eastern European economies during the 1980s exposed these inadequacies. Thereafter, an overextension of Soviet resources due to troops machine sp peculiaritying combined with global pressures in regards to human rights initiatives led to integrity country after another freeing itself from Soviet control.Communism is a political and social clay based on a purpose of equal distri only whenion of resources. Ideally, goods and services are possessed communally amongst all citizens of a commie postulate, and distributed equally so as to meet all(prenominal) persons need (Stokes 1993, 5). The problem comes in the actual activity of communism, as it works counter to human nature. First, the system assumes that each prole go out work to his or her capacity for the good of all. In reality, workers soon realized they would be paid the same no matter how aphonic they worked, and without the incentive of personal gain, began producing at the lowest possible level. Famous Russian economist Boris Brutzkus noted that the idea of equal compensation for skilled and artless labour undermined productivity and created an economically unsolvable problem (Wilhelm 1993, 346). In addition, any risk related to innovat ion is transferred wholly to the give tongue to, so the worker loses microscopic in the level(p)t of failure and gains nothing in the event of success, making it impossible to motivate him or her to full productive potential (Wilhelm 1993, 349). If moolah must be handed over to the public treasury, and losses are made up with subsidies, there is no incentive to be modern and efficient (Fischer 1991, 12).The communist model similarly assumes that political leaders allow for act in the trump out interests of all the citizens of the state, rather than simply in their own. Fischer notes that power is an extremely corrupting pluck, and rarely if ever do those with probatory power avoid its corrupting influence (Fischer 1991, 12). This was made special(a)ly gull in countries such as Romania, where the communism state became in total a totalitarian dictatorship under Ceausescu (Hall 2000, 1070). profound and Eastern European countries were by and large governed by a handful of leaders who had awful control over their fellow citizens, and were often both personally and politically corrupt in their administrations (Fischer 1991, 12).Because of these misunderstandings of human nature, communism is not designed with the checks and balances joint to a democratic government (Fischer 1991, 12). For example, democracies have both secret elections and a free press. Regular elections provide a voice to the citizens of a country in determining its leadership. This mights leaders to listen and be responsive to the citizenry, less they be removed from power. A free press both informs citizens of what is occurrence in the country and government and exposes corruption. (Wilhelm 1993, 352). Uncensored media similarly forces leaders to act ethically and not mistreat the citizenry. Communist regimes in Europe lacked such systems of accountability, and as such, their leaders did not always act in the best interests of the average citizen.Economically, there are also ser ious flaws in the communist model. Production results from the cooperation of labour, capital, and nature (Wilhelm 1993, 347). Communism based its economic model on directed economic activity according to a unitary state plan based upon statistics, under which categories such as interest, rent and wampum lost their significance (Wilhelm 1993, 346). Markets and the forces that shape them were replaced by a planned system based on labour costs (Wilhelm 1993, 346). This led to further problems, as it oversimplified the economic factors at play in the counties industries, which led to incorrect proceeds planning. According to Brutzkus, the socialist state is not in a position, even with the help of all its scientific theory and immense statistical apparatus, to judge the needs of its citizens or to reduce needs to matchless level for this reason it is unable to provide proceeds with the guidance it needs (Wilhelm 1993, 347).In short, Brutzkus pass judgment what the literature on c ommunist economies calls the success indicator problem. The government was not able to successfully plan for the complexity of the market. This process is infinitely more than complicated than that which takes place under capitalism, where at worst the entrepreneur will have to increase his price to cover this or that means of production (Wilhelm 1993, 348). The results were Central and Eastern European nations with overly-specialized industry that had no market exclude the Soviet bloc, fewer than needed consumer products, and an uneven proportion of manufactured products to the assume of the populace (Karatnycky 2002, 57). In contrast, while price liberalization in post-communist Poland brought an straightaway end to the pervasive shortages and queues that had plagued Polands centrally-planned frugality (Kramer 2004, 60).A centrally-planned command economy is an engine for the dissipation of social energy and resources, that is only effective in mobilizing resources for a short period of time (Wilhelm 1993, 353). After this the communist economic model leads to rapid deterioration and becomes increasingly ineffective as time goes on (Wilhelm 1993, 353). The communist bloc was able to live morose the resources it feature prior to communization, such as surplus rural labour and trustworthy capital resources, through the 1950s (Schopflin 1990, 4). This reinforced the idea to some that the communist economic plan was workable. However, as these resources dwindled and economic indicators declined, the standard of living in communist Europe became noticeably lower than her capitalist counterpart. Wilhelm contends that when statistics are modify for their propagandistic distortions, East Germany was poorer than Mexico West Germans received a rather awesome shock when they were able to enter East Germany and see the actual state of the East German economy for themselves (Wilhelm 1993, 352). This led to growing unrest amongst the citizens of Central and Eas tern Europe, who saw themselves falling farther and farther behind the West.At this time the Soviet trades union, the main customer for Central and Eastern European countries exports, was also facing economic difficulties. Some of this was due to the slowing of its own communist economic system and the global pressures also face up by the European communist countries (Stokes 1993, 56). In addition, a heightened arms race with the join States and its long and disastrous engagement in Afghanistan caused the USSR to commit more to its host spending than it could afford (Stokes 1993, 58). This both left less to spend in its satellite countries and fewer military troops to commit to suppressing uprisings in Europe. As the postwar status-quo depended in part on the threat of Soviet military intervention, this added to the growing instability in Central and Eastern Europe (Kramer 2005, 11).The communist European nations were historically not independently supportive of communism, but h ad communism imposed upon them unwillingly after World war II (Kramer 2005, 10). From the beginning, Eastern European countries were subjected to and directed in communism firmly against the wishes of the majority (Schopflin 1990, 4). hotshot Baltic leader described the events of 1989 by saying we could finally end the illegal occupation of our country and rejoin the community of free nations (Kramer 2004, 21). Because the populations of these countries were not ideologically supportive of communism, their governmental leaders had to utilize both force and the threat of force to keep the countries functioning (Kramer 2004, 21). By the 1980s, the Soviet compact did not have the resources to do so, nor did many of the European countries in the Soviet bloc (Stokes 1993, 58). In addition, then leader of the USSR Gorbachev was less quick to enlistment to a military solution. Unlike in 1956, when Khrushchev ultimately relied on military force to preserve the Communist bloc, Gorbachev actively encouraged drastic political changes in Eastern Europe that would defuse the potential for another blood-red uprising like the one that engulfed Hungary in October-November 1956 (Kramer 2005, 69). The resulting combination of Gorbachevs cleanses, his hesitation towards military force, and his reorientation of Soviet foreign policy had a effectual impact on the politics of Eastern Europe (Kramer 2005, 69).Finally, there was a growing emphasis on human rights. This also caused the communist regimes to respite and consider use of military force against civilian uprisings. The insistence on the introduction of human rights into the Helsinki process resulted in the slow but inexorable diffusion of the principle into Soviet-type politics and contributed qualitatively to weakening the legitimating force of Marxism-Leninism (Schopflin 1990, 16). This provided intellectuals in the Central and Eastern European opposition movements with an intellectual rump from which to attack and thus erode the official systems (Schopflin 1990, 16). It also gave workers reasons to devise collectively. When faced with a government that seems fundamentally unchangeable, people will only organize to resist if given some idea or goal of respect which they can support (Benda et al. 1988, 228-29). All the major democratic oppositions in Central Europe had as leaders activists that had at one time or another been human rights dissidents (Isaac 1996, 303).The system was untenable, the citizens were unhappy, and those interested in political reform had a reason to begin organizing. At this point, the next ingredient undeniable for communisms demise was technology. Where in the past a particular government could cover-up or minimize an uprising in one place, preserving the threat of force and fear in its citizens, increased use of technology exposed these attempts and the sometimes blatant lies told by government officials(Kramer 2005, 82) For example, because of technological advances in broadcasting, West German television broadcasts reached the large majority of households in the GDR, closely all East German citizens were able to watch uncensored reporting of Gorbachevs perestroika and glasnost (Kramer 2005, 82). As Stokes concludes, the response of Central and Eastern European countries in 1989 was not a revolution of total innovation, but rather the shucking off of a failed experiment in favor of an already existing model, pluralist democracy (Stokes 1993, 260). The collapse of communism in Hungary began in 1986, when the countrys intellectuals began to fierceness Kadar, who refused to recognize or act upon the countrys economic crisis fleck (Schopflin 1990, 7). Similar processes occurred in Poland, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia (Schopflin 1990, 7). Because they were increasingly exposed to the existence of a offend system, they were empowered to push for it in their own countries.In the end, communism failed from a combination of factors, not th e least of which was its own internal flaws. It may be that the twentieth centurys experiment in communist Europe was misguided from the start. According to Marxs materialistic conception of history, societies pass through four formative stages on their way to becoming communist asiatic, ancient, feudal, and burgher capitalist (Koranda 1990, 19). However, this was not true for any of the Eastern European countries with communist governments in the twentieth century. Russia forced communism on these countries, rather than it evolving in some natural pattern. Disregarding Russia, many of the European countries that went through Communism had belonged, in the past, in whole or in part to the Austrian-Hungarian pudding stone and had governments nearer to a feudal system than any other. (Kovac 2002, 178). Marx might healthful argue, therefore, that these countries were not ready for communism when it was imposed upon them.Koranda would contend, however, that in reality Marx got the coiffe wrong. Communism is, in his argument, the guild stage which many Western European countries passed through on the way to capitalism. Since many Eastern European countries were closer to feudal than free-market prior to World War II, from Korandas theoretical standpoint, erst Communist Europe is now progressing naturally from communism to capitalism (Koranda 1990, 20). This would justify communisms initial success, and the need for it to be eventually supplanted by capitalism.BIBLIOGRAPHYBenda, V, et al. 1988. Parallel Polis, or an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe An Inquiry. accessible Research, Spring-Summer1988, 551-2.Fischer, D. 1991. Why did Communism fail? Social Alternatives, Dec1991, 104, 12.Hall, R.A. 2000. Theories of collective action and revolution evidence from the Romanian spiritual rebirth of December 1989. Europe-Asia Studies, Sep2000, 526, 1069-93.Isaac, J.C. 1996. The meanings of 1989. Social Research, Summer1996, 63, 291-344.Karatnycky, A. 2000. Memory Lapse. American Spectator, Feb2000, 331, 57-58.Koranda, Tim. 1990. The theology That Failed History. Vital Speeches of the Day, 10/15/90, 571, 19-21.Kov, L. 2002. The Failure of Communism A Case for Evolutionary Rationalism and Evolutionary Humanism. Dialogue Universalism, 128/10, 177-197.Kramer, M. 2003. The have of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 1). Journal of Cold War Studies, Fall2003, 54, 178-256.Kramer, M. 2004. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 2). Journal of Cold War Studies, Fall2004, 64, 3-64.Kramer, M. 2005. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 3). Journal of Cold War Studies, Winter2005, 71, 3-96.Schopflin, G. 1990. The end of communism in Eastern Europe. International Affairs, Jan1990, 661, 3-16.Stokes, G. 1993. The Walls Came Tumbling Down The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Oxford Oxf ord University Press.Wilhelm, J.H. 1993. The Soviet economic failure Brutzkus revisited. Europe-Asia Studies, 452, 343-57.

The Case Study Of Ruth And Joseph Social Work Essay

The suit of clothes Study Of ruth And Joseph Social hunt d accept Es feel outThis paper pass on sense of smell at the crusade study of shame, Joseph and their family. They atomic number 18 Humanitarian Entrants in Australia and face many issues. Their past carriage in Southern Sudan was fraught(p) with war, violence and displacement. As a societal worker assessing their case t here atomic number 18 several factors which strike to be taken into account which hobo impact greatly on their future. These include the dominant discourse which as a complaisant worker we provide choose to work from. The biomedical discourse deals with many factors which are evident in the work with wayos and Joseph. Factors much(prenominal) as torture and trauma and the repercussions psychologic exclusivelyy which this has had and how it continues to impact on the family. This paper will in like manner look at how the western biomedical work whitethorn limit mental illness as praxisd a brain disease and non look at exclusively the factors which are related. When works with toilsome to resettle a refugee family in a new surface area which is so far removed from what they know, a tender worker get hold ofs to deal with broad range of t pick ups. Selecting the right possibility is crucial. The theory which would best work for condolence and Joseph would be Anti-oppressive. Looking at the anti-oppressive theory when works with new migrants squeeze out help us to picture their history and help them overcome the oppressiveness which they turn in felt for so long. It is our section as social workers to help integrate refugee mass into local anesthetic communities and ad vindicatory to a new culture. I will need to value my own values and attitudes when working with my CALD ( culturally and Linguistically Diverse) clients. My focus will be on how these going aways may impact or inhibit my work with ruth and Joseph namely our cultural differences.GENOGRAM Assessing clients and intervening as a Social Work practiti peerlessr it is essential that we choose the best discourse relevant to our clients needs. As Healy (2008) posits the biomedical discourse is one of the most plyful discourses shaping workout contexts, particularly in health run such(prenominal) as hospitals, reformation services and mental health services (p20).Healy discusses how social work practitioners need to learn to understand some form of the biomedical terminology (2005,p22). When working with clients such as ruth and Joseph whom both hold back post-traumatic symptoms in variable degrees the biomedical discourse call forks to take the complexity of their problems. Both compassion and Joseph shape up to suffer from some form of mental illness related to their post-traumatic features. Penhale and Parker (2008) say that difficulties with mental illness sight be deepened if the person/s comes from smuggled or minority ethnic community (p103).The sympt oms which Ruth and Joseph are experiencing are in the form of flashbacks, anxiety and attention. The National Centre for PTSD state that refugees frequently experience recurring losses, challenges, and changes during the exile/acculturation and resettlement/repatriation periods (Bolton,2010).When assessing Ruth and Joseph, we fall in to be careful not to objectify them as just their illness. As a social worker we need to look at a client from varying degrees not just one. We need to look at a client and their past history in a holistic biopsychosocial way. With Ruth and Joseph, addressing their mental illness is just one of the multidimensional factors which they are experiencing. Looking at them as people rather than as an illness rear help with assessing their case. STARTTS elaborate saying that It is necessary for social workers in this field to develop an apprehensiveness of organised violence and its effectuate on individuals, families and societies, and in any case of th e refugee experience of escape and surviving in refugee camps (Bowles, n.d.).The biomedical discourse can also beget limitations. Healy discusses how there is potential for biomedical knowledge to contri merelye to social onerousness (2005,p26). When working with Ruth and Joseph our course session moldiness be about empowering them and help them overcome any oppression which they create see. The implications which we as practitioners may face when working with refugees from the biomedical model is as Healy (2008,p.25) suggests in conflict with the holistic approach. As social workers it is our role to look at a client in a social context. Ruth and Joseph present with a range of problems that stem from the trauma which they have encountered. This branches into areas of social, economic and delirious needs that need to be addressed. Ruth faces trying to navigate her way around the bureaucracy of Centrelink, Medicare and other agencies just to rule their simplest needs met. We w ill need to work with Ruth to overcome her fear of authority which stems from her trauma which she experienced in Southern Sudan. In the case study it mentions that Ruth appears afraid of all the questions regarding getting a furrow and the fear of authority coupled with the language/cultural barrier which she experienced has led to her self-doubting. We need to look at the case of Ruth and Joseph from more than of social level rather than a medical level. This model does not consider the role, such as family and community play in tuition of illness thus, diagnosis and treatment are narrowly defined (Pardeck and Yuen,2001, as cited in Pardeck,2002,p.4).Assessing clients whom have trauma related symptoms such as Joseph, existence aware of his condition and all aspects appear to be from strong-arm to emotional to psychological will help us to key out decisions of referrals to other agencies which may need to be done. It appears as though Joseph will need to see a physiotherapist , dentist and a GP to help overcome his physical pain. His emotional and psychological problems range from trouble concentrating to becoming violent towards his family. The preventative of Ruth and the children will be made in the sign assessment. It will need to be decided whether Ruth feels safe enough to have Joseph in the house with her and her children if he continues with his violent behaviour. Referrals may need also to be made to a psychologist or a mental health agency for Joseph.Healy places anti-oppressive practice between strengths perspective and the postmodern practices to reflect the commonality historical lineage of theories for practice, all which have emerged as authoritative influences in the formal base of social work since 1990s (2005,p173). Adopting an anti-oppressive framework whilst working with Ruth and Joseph, tribute must be paid to the past struggles and sacrifices which they have faced. Ruth and Joseph have suffered great oppression in Southern Sudan . This oppression included imprisonment, relatives killed, being taken from their home, hunger, and lack of safety. OHara and Weber (2006) maintain that an anti-oppressive or radical framework encourages practitioners to understand the structural context of their assessment practice (p,141). Some critical components of the anti-oppressive framework are the isms. These are anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-heterosexism, anti-ablism, and anti-ageism (Moore,2003,n.d). Addressing these components of the anti-oppressive framework when assessing Ruth and Joseph will allow practice to empower and enable and adjudge them to pass on more go through over their lives. As Milner and OBryne mention ..social work should make a difference so that those oppressed may regain control of their lives and re-establish their right to be full and active members of society (2009,p.23).In an initial assessment with Ruth and Joseph factors to be considered include whether an interpreter is needed as translat ion will play a vital role in the assessment process. Ruth and Joseph have obviously sought freedom from persecution because of war, infraction and torture and/or other degrading treatment. STARTTS state that Social workers in this field are exposed to stories of gross human rights violations, and cannot maintain in polar(p) opinions concerning the actions of various groups and regimes. Conversely, one is also exposed to the complexities of civil and international conflicts ones own political ideologies, stereotypes and beliefs are all challenged in this work.Culture plays a significant part in anti-oppressive practice when working with Ruth and Joseph. Penhale and Parker (2008, p.197) points outCultural competence stems from an anti-oppressive approach to practice and concerns the competence and understandings to work with diverse groups, loveing and acknowledging difference whilst working with people to effect changes that have been agreed and negotiated together.There is no ne ed to be a cultural expert as such but awareness of cultural differences and how this may impact on communication effectively with Ruth and Joseph is important. By doing some research if possible of Ruth and Josephs Dinka culture will help when working with assessing their needs. For example the WYDA states that Dinka family members provides an essential support network (2008, para 5). This is important when talking to Ruth and Joseph about their family biography and roles in the family etc. Another consideration to make would be to ask them what some of their expectations may be and ask them how things were done in their country. disruption down this cross-cultural barrier in the initial assessment can lead to a more positive outcome for both the social worker and Ruth and Joseph. . Thompsons PCS interactive model of oppression (Penhale and Parker, 2008, p.155) shows oppression to be the constructor of personal, cultural and societal views and that the personal prejudice alone d oes not explain racism. Furthermore it is important that a social worker understands how these aspects of life interact can create and recreate patterns of oppression and discrimination. It is important also to note that Ruth and Josephs children appear to be acculturating faster therefore may have to take over the role of translators in official realms. This flip-flop of roles can create stress in both parents and children and can some sentences lead to intergenerational conflict. Parents can feel like their children have lost respect for them and that that their authority may have been undermined.Social work practice must address a myriad of issues when dealing with asylum seekers and refugees. In establishing themselves in the community Ruth and Joseph they will require a number of services with which to access which will play a vital role in providing a safe community. whirl ongoing support and adopting an anti-oppressive practice functional with CALD (Culturally and Linguisti cally Diverse) clients as a social work practitioner this can raise several issues with values and attitudes which I may have. I am white, Australian and a social work student. I have a different cultural identity and am from a different country which holds different views and ideas to Ruth, Joseph and their family. Being a female and a mother I can empathise with Ruth in regards to running a base and caring for children. Ruth has had to take over as head of the family as Joseph appears to be mentally unwell and not fit to lead his family for the time being. She also has a large family and caring for seven children can be a struggle let alone being in a new country and trying to navigate our welfare and schooling systems. Having different cultural identities could limit my capacity when working with Ruth and Joseph. I need to recognise that refugees have similar social, emotional, spiritual and financial needs to everyone else and be work in a culturally sensitive way. As I am from the Australian culture this is another subgroup which I have membership. With all the negative media attention surrounding asylum seekers or boat people it has been hard not to form an attitude. My attitude is that I believe that I dont understand, and I never will, the desperation that asylum seekers must feel to have to put themselves and their family in such unsafe environments such as a rickety boat from Indonesia just to escape the persecution and fear which they must experience in their own country to have to flee. I know that Ruth and Joseph are Humanitarian Entrants meaning that Ruths sister sponsored them to come and live here but they still were in fear of persecution and subjected to torture and trauma in their own country. As I am citizen of a country that lives in democracy I will never fully understand but my values of respect, honesty andAnother subgroup I am part of is that of a family. I have two children of my own and I know personally that my family is my initia l support network. As mentioned, the Dinka culture regards their immediate family as their initial support network also. When working with Ruth and Joseph my values and attitudes towards family support can enhance my capacity with addressing their needs. I feel that it is important to work with the positives of Ruth and Josephs situation and in this case it is their family is together in the one place. Offering some family counselling would allow a safe space for the family to address any issues which have arisen, such as Josephs lack of connectedness with the family. on with Joseph receiving some therapy in regards to his mental health this would put the family on the path to healing together.Oommen, Brian, Stephen and Komersee (2008, p.6) state that An equally important concept when working in culturally diverse settings is the need for a health professional to obviate their personal biases and judgements about those for whom he or she may be readiness health programs. As with so many areas involving values, meditative practice and self-awarenessare central. I need to examine and question the sources and nature of my own power and the ways in which this is exercised in my relations with children and my family. By using reflective practice when working with Ruth and Joseph can help me maintain a level of self-awareness so as to apply my attitudes in an appropriate manner. As there is a domestic violence issue this could be one of the areas where my value of respect could limit my capacity when working with Ruth and Joseph. I could overcome this limitation by looking at the all the factors and understanding that the domestic violence is something that is perpetuated from their history as displaced persons and the trauma and torture which they have experienced. Working with a non-judgmental attitude will also help with conflicts such as domestic violence.Conclusion

Generic Concept Of Authenticity In Pop Music Music Essay

Generic Concept Of legitimacy In Pop practice of medicine Music EssayThis thesis and its associated research had its origins in my own enthrallment with the generic concept of genuineness, as it exists deep down life generally, and decimal pointally at bottom public medicament. The dualities of good/bad, genuine/ off, h wizardst/fraudulent, and creative/derivative feel alship canal been present deep down the ranks of medicamentians and their proceedings. This thesis is intended to reconcile and pardon the distinctions within these dualities, and to develop a model for evaluating authenticity within democratic music.An Hypothesis on legitimacy in Popular MusicAs a foundation for the research and development in this thesis, I exit explain my own stance on the key issue of authenticity. thither ar six key tenets within this proposition legitimacy functions as a marker of qualityAuthenticity can be evaluated.Authenticity is not a exhaustible concept.An Hermeneutic app roach is requisite in measuring authenticityAuthenticity examinement requires a prior-researched commentary of literary genreAuthenticity may only be assign to a iodin patch up of musicking.Here ar both(prenominal) details of each superstar1.1.1. Authenticity functions as marker for QualityWhilst there be some ingredients of Authenticity that ar much easily measurable, there are an other(prenominal) criteria which are more subjective, and where valuation of them is an activity more determined by expert consensus, or person-to-person taste and background. sentiments made using these criteria are largely unquantifiable, and a good deal in the form of personal assessments. Some of these judgements may be socially and culturally constructed, and are shared mingled with groups of people, notably in the case of fans, critics, or enthusiasts of a proper(postnominal) type of music, or a set outicular performer. Students and researchers of popular music would normal ly adopt a more counterbalanced and catholic judgement, so that an equally fair military rating would be made on a gentleman of country-rock music, as would be made on a piece of punk music. Authenticity is a explanation of the provenance and justness of a enter, or cost movement, as surface as a definition of musical skill, tunefulness, and of a listeners personal gratification.The judgement, or rating, of some aspects of authenticity of a piece of musicking may character less scientific criteria than others, wherein the measurement is inescapably modifyed by the tastes of the judge or evaluator. I exhaust drawn extensively on Christopher diminished (19982-3) and his eleven activities within musicking, in developing my own nineteen criteria for evaluating Authenticity, which escape as a hermeneutic round of golf, and of which the first fourteen relate to recorded vociferations, with an additional five criteria for evaluating live performances of songs. Here is a br ief description of my nineteen criteriaThe Notation This fixings is less all- meaning(a)(prenominal) in popular music than in classical music, since the main method of transmission has not been through stave short letter, moreover through save, and performance. (Moore, A.F 200134) However, where it originally exists, or where succeeding notation has taken place on existing works, there is notwithstanding value in its inclusion as a criterion, incidently where conventionalisms of notation may be compared within several songs, or where consistent notational motifs may be identifiedLyrics Whilst I contend that it is executing and receipt that are profound to the true meaning of a song, the lyrics induce a ironlike bearing on this. It is in addition possible to identify common patterns in lyrics (Wall, T 2003129) as swell up as everyday language in the circumstance of performance, and collective responses and aspirations (Frith, S 1988121) The words of the song should usually be grammatically correct and placeable, and the general cloy should be rational.Biography This part should overly be twinned with autobiography as it refers to the use and deviate of personal history, upbringing, nurture and culture on vocalizer/songwriters and their eventual compositions and performances. It is an essential constituent to consider as far as authenticity is concern, and in my view has been vastly nether-analysed, and has been allocated insufficient importance.Recognised Influences at that place are undoubted connections here with my Biography element (No. 3), in that childhood and developmental influences are more or less always lasting, especially where they have been received in an senseal consideration (e.g. happy, sad, or painful). But in addition consideration is indispensablenessed on more contemporary influences, both of musical, and of other types.Song Structure An important element in the primary text is the actual shape of the son g, in terms of its musical texture, its use of instruments and voices, its rhythmic organisation and its relationship to lyrics.This is often a key factor in the determination of a genre. It is important that there is a pleasing shape to the song, with sufficient changes (verses and choruses), a accessible story line, and an appropriate length. There should also be a balance between familiarity and variety, and the song must have sufficient familiarity to provide well-fixed reply, whilst, on the other hand, offering something new and challenging.Melody This is a pattern of pitches and rhythm that creates a tune or song, and as such, underpins the whole case of a song. It is the melody that, to a large extent, is the basis for the Emotion (No.13) element of the song. In popular music, the melody usually comprises verses and chorus, but with variety in the phrasing and lyrics.Meaning and Intellectuality The meaning of a musical piece may be interpreted in an abstract or a oec umenical manner, and Composition may be viewed as having a subtle loss in meaning from some Performances. Such differences may also affect the meaning from the position of Reception, but it is easier to see musical works anchored to specific time, place, and cultural situations. This aspect is probably the most difficult to analyse scientifically, since the central question is whether the lyrics and/or the music stimulate some intellectual curiosity, with supreme satisfaction.Context This wide-eyed topic is important not just for the more obvious analysis of Performance, and Reception, but also for the historical and biographical context in which a song was composed. Again there will be some interconnection with aspects of Biography and especially factors such as class, culture, gender, and politics. instrumental The traditional rock line-up of a band is two or cardinal guitars and drums, but in the case of country-rock and its convoluted development phase, m either other inst ruments were involved. The exploration of the use of these instruments, and the ways in which they have contributed to the Performance and Reception of music is essential. Much has been written on the appropriate use of specific instruments and their relationship to the true membership of a genre, as well as whether there are acceptable levels of musical proficiency show in the execution of the song by the instrumentalists.Vocal Most popular music involves star or more voices, and this element is concerned with how these voices are used, severally or harmoniously, and the ways in which communication is established between singer and listener (Moore, A.F 2001 44/5)It is arguable that, in m all cases, it is the voice that is the concluding arbiter in establishing whether a piece of music is authentic or not. It is important that acceptable levels of musical proficiency are demonstrated in the execution of the song by the vocalist/s.Production This mainly Performance related eleme nt deals with the technical, and technological systems used to aid and enhance performance, as well as the choices made about instrumentation, vocals and, in some cases, stagecraft. There is a natural interlinking with other hermeneutical elements. The technical production of the recording should meet standard conventions of the genre, in regard to the mixing, the balance, and the volume as well as either additional enhancements.Cohesion and Balance (including Sonic Balance) This element is concerned with the extent to which the band is playing as a squad with appropriate use of instruments and vocals, and to which the various instrumental and vocal elements within the performance/recording are balanced, so that a smooth and cohesive overall sound is achieved.Connectivity and Emotivity It is important that the listener/receiver, acknowledges a personal relationship with the song, lyrically and/or musically with the song exciting some form of emotion upon reception, and in which the listener/receiver is sufficiently stimulated and curious to have a desire to hear the song again.The Leader Within a band, the style of performance may be dictated or at least highly influenced by the leader who is often, although not always the singer. This unavoidably affects the Reception of the music. However, the Composition of the music also needs to be considered in the light of the leader, for even if it is not he/she that is the main author, the style of the piece could be shaped by his/her approach.Repertoire This is what Christopher subaltern terms The period of play of Relationships (Small, C 1998158) Each musical performance has, or should have, a recognisable narrative, or a set-list and this is most significant in the analysis of Reception. The psychology inherent within constructing a performance including some songs is important in the development of earshot Rapport, or even various(prenominal) fan admiration.Stagecraft Middleton (1990168) recognises f alse music and true music, where false style corrupt, manipulated, over- tortuous, and mechanical, and true means natural, spontaneous, and traditional. In these senses, the interpretation of drama, and a sense of theatre in the performance and reception of popular music are always important.It is inevitably connected to Repertoire, but is far more than this sensation item. Again, only in a live performance, the image presented by the performers through body movement, gestures, stance, and cohesion should augment the reception of the song.Planning and Organisation This thoroughly contemporary affair as Christopher Small puts it (Small, C 199830) includes the organisation of performances, the role of publicity and advertising, and the ways in which the hearing is prepared for the Reception. Whilst they are not directly a composite part of a piece of music or its actual performance, the intricacies of the arrangements undoubtedly argument perceptions of a musical show or concert. Venue This, of course is merely a Performance/Reception element but, like Planning and Organisation, is passing powerful, since the size, shape, location, construction, lighting and acoustics will exert major pressures on the ultimate performance.Audience Rapport This element is concerned with the intimacy, federation, bonding and sharing of an audience and the ways in which they are able to persuade each other. It is also concerned with individual and group participation in the Performance and its effect on the perceptions of authenticity. In a live performance, there must be a general and universal approval demonstrated towards the song as demonstrated through facial and bodily expression during the performance and applause at the end.Having described all nineteen elements used in the assessment of Authenticity, it should be stressed that whilst Authenticity is a term that provides for a description of the integrity of a piece of musicking, this integrity is not always synon ymous with attractiveness, as recognised by huge swathes of the worlds population. As I show in this dissertation there are plenty of examples of music that are authentic, fit in to measurement of many of the criteria, but which are not necessarily well received. Conversely there are many instances of well-received musicking that are not of a high level of authenticity as related to the other criteria. In other words, Authenticity is not finite.1.1.2. Authenticity is not a finite concept.Authenticity has so many different comp angiotensin-converting enzyments (I have identified at least nineteen) as well as many mediators, so that relational judgements on each of the items would almost certainly mean that a final exam decision as to whether the song was authentic, could neer result in a simple yes or no, but would be a relative assessment.The more appropriate question that should be posed by the judge, or evaluator, would be to what extent has this song/performance been deemed to be authentic?A piece of musicking may, for example, have some authentic attributes, such as a genuinely original instrumental performance, and the vocal qualities may be genuine, whereas its lyrical content may be mundane, and derivative, thus rendering the song only part authentic.This particular principle relegates the rockism argument, described in other parts of this thesis, to a peripheral position, since it accommodates varying degrees of authenticity, or else than insisting on one broad form of music being superior to another, simply based on its provenance. Rockists are people who consider that there were, and occasionally still are, deluxe periods of Rock, illuminated by artists and performances which contain an honesty, authenticity, and value of which the mainstream of performers in pop music are both incapable and unconcerned.The differences that show themselves when evaluating Authenticity, particularly in the contrasts between the more objective criteria and those that embody the expression of values generated and constructed by the faultfinding and fan community, mean that an evaluation of authenticity cannot remain in perpetuity, and that it has a clear temporal characteristic, wherein evaluation may change over time.Therefore, contempt the fact that judgements on the Authenticity of pieces of musicking may be made, they are fundamentally of a relative temperament.1.1.3. Authenticity can be evaluatedThere are many different hypotheses on the topic of musical authenticity, many of which have been reviewed and assessed within this thesis, all of which, without exception, explain the concept in notional terms, whilst avoiding any attempt to develop, or impose, a quantitative measurement of judgement.The decision on the authenticity of a piece of musicking, has been derived from a qualitative evaluation, left to the complex devices supposedly inherent within the intellectual abilities of a few ranking(prenominal) musicologists and experts, or socially and culturally constructed values. I shoot for that, with the application of a list of authenticity criteria, built into a hermeneutic framework, there are a number of activities that can move the efficacy of the judgement towards a more accurate qualitative assessment, albeit still with strong elements of discrimination within it.1.1.4. A hermeneutic approach is essential in evaluating authenticitySince each evaluation criterion has influences upon, and from, each of the other criterion, the idea of a circle is used so that ones understanding of a piece of musicking, as a whole, is established by reference to the individual criteria and ones understanding of each individual criterion by reference to the whole.Neither the whole piece nor any individual criterion can be understood without reference to one another, and hence, it is a circular process. Strictly speaking, hermeneutics was originally conceived as means of cultivating the business leader to understand thing s from someone elses point of view, and to set aside ones own predelictions and tastes. So the whole evaluation exercise must be considered in safe awareness of the evaluation conclusions which may have been reached by the relevant community practice, before and during the judgement process. Using the tools and procedures that I have developed to commit an ultimate judgement on both authenticity, ensures that the decision will be as informed, researched, and analytical as is possible.1.1.5. Authenticity judgement requires a researched description of genreWhilst I have described in some detail the general nature of a range of criteria that I have allocated to Authenticity including Quality, it is important that the Authenticity criteria are enhanced and made more explicit. This should be done through a close examination, and subsequent description, of the genre that one is analysing (in this thesis, my exemplar is country-rock music). There have been major academic debates on the n ature of genre, and in particular whether genre is a stable item alternatively than a temporal one. My position is based on the assumption that genre may be fixed and stationary, if one is, firstly, prepared to accept the organism of a continuum of a multitude of popular music styles, within which many different genres and sub-genres reside.Secondly, and perhaps paradoxically, it is important to acknowledge that the detailed description of any single genre, or sub-genre, is not universally acknowledged and is, therefore never canonically explicit. The nature of both of these conditions will be influenced by the beliefs and convictions of individual researchers. This means that genre definitions will inevitably vary, albeit within boundaries. Nevertheless, it is essential to generate a broad genre template through which authenticity may be evaluated.It is important to note that authenticity may be a hardiness descriptor of a piece of musicking, both in general terms, in the sense t hat the song has been composed, performed, and received in an authentic manner, but also in genre specific terms so that a song may be classed as being authentic blues or authentic country-rock.The significance of this lies in the need to define genre-parameters when attempting to evaluate authenticity within a genre hence the statement Authenticity Judgement Requires A Researched Description Of Genre.1.1.6. Authenticity may only be assigned to a single piece of musickingWithin Popular Music, I propose that the evaluation of authenticity may only be made as far as a recorded or performed song is concerned. Authenticity comprises a number of attributes of composition, performance and reception, but is largely concerned with sound, rather than the characteristics of a human being. Therefore, authenticity cannot be assigned to an artist, other than in a general sense, through a judgement of his/her individual performance of a song. It may be seductive to contemplate the authenticity of an artist, as has been done frequently over the history of popular music, and as argued forcibly by the Rockists. Indeed, many rock artists have been accorded that epithet, including Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Bono, Leonard Cohen, and Lou Reed. However, human authenticity is a complex and hugely debatable concept.For example, it is arguable that even these illustrious performers could only be described as authentic, if they were to have totally eschewed mercantile gain, desire for glory, or other forms of psychological reward during their long and palmy lives. This has patently not been the case. Of course, it is arguable that human authenticity could be assessed on the basis that it is not a finite concept (as I have professed is the case for musicking).However, the study of authenticity of individual human beings, would be a multi-faceted, and almost impossible task, since there are so many variables and criteria, which would need to be taken into account, such that even a relative evaluation would involve an extremely complex decision-making process. It is most certainly not within the remits of my research within this thesis. It is also important to stress that the epithet of authenticity cannot be assigned to a body of work, rather than a single song or piece of music, but is only related to individual performances/recordings of songs.It would be possible, however, to make assessments of a number of individual songs performed by one artist or even an assembled group of artists, wherein it might then be possible to offer an overall measurement of the degree of authenticity of that particular set of songs but it would be an average, or mean, of the total assessment.On the alike basis, it would be technically possible, albeit extremely arduous and time-consuming, to carry out such an exercise on the entire output of a particular artist. It should be stressed that even so, the eventual conclusion would still be an evaluation of the performance of the music, rather than the person.At this point I should also recite that my position holds that the evaluation of Authenticity of a live performance of a song may be made, even though this will inevitably differ from the recorded version of the same song. All of the criteria used in the evaluation of a recorded song will apply to a live performance of a song, but there will also be a few additional elements that should be applied. These are listed under an earlier principle (Authenticity functions as a marker for Quality)

Self reference Criterion and importance for International marketing

Self reference Criterion and grandeur for International grocerySelf-reference Criterion and its importance for International merchandisingIf you foreshorten a quality around yourself you will find how some(prenominal) goods and services ar exclusively produced in your own orbit around you? Your clothes might be produced in Pakistan, your cell phone from China, your computer in Singapore your coffee might be from Latin America. Whatever we talk a turn music, clothes, movies or our soft drinks for e reliablely issue there are good chances that nigh of these products are produced in somewhere else in the globe. This is the global regimenstuff place where good determine and quality is welcomed by consumers irrespective of the region of its origination. In this scenario the lack is to earn the merchandising practices that are effective beyond the b magnitudes so the importance of global market dope non be denied.International marketing is not an easy task. The supran ational seller has to face some(prenominal) obstacles in the way to achieve his refinements. wholeness of the primary obstacles is whenever we face a problem we react abruptly and press decisions on the basis of set, meanings, behaviors and symbols that we agree interpreted from our own grow. This type of decisions unremarkably do not proved to be correct, as values, meanings and all placeable elements of cultivation usually differ from country to country. This is called self-reference quantity. According to Cateora at al (2007), the self-reference criterion is when decisions are taken on the basis of experiences, values and companionship of ones own ending.The dateing of self-reference criterion is actually(prenominal) a lot important for the marketing steadfast that plans to enter in international markets. In local markets on the basis of self-reference criterion the marketer can predict the in store(predicate) responses of customers to a particular product b ut in the markets of some other country or culture the responses of customers will be based on their singular heathen environment. Even when the marketing scheme for international market is substantial very carefully, chances of mis realiseings cannot be entirely vanished due to galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) another(prenominal) un-avoidable factors. The intervention of self-reference criterion in international marketing practices can be easily understand with the help of fol belittleding eccentrics.In an advertisement created by Nestle pile for their Kit Kat, a voice cover of local verbiage was apply for both countries UK and Italy. In that advertisement the quack, universal language of ducks, and duck callers were utilise by duck hunter to perpetrate the ducks. Meanwhile in the commercial they became frustrated and to pick out a cheerful break they need a Kit Kat. That advertisement could not be succeeded because of the cultural differences between the consumers culture and marketers culture. In Italy the hunting is considered as a negative act and Italian in any case took Kit Kat as a luxury and product. From this example we can clearly say that the achievement of a marketing schema is critically based on customer understandings and its important is raised more(prenominal) when we talk intimately international marketing.In 1996 McDonalds opened s pull down restaurants in India. The 40% existence of India is ve get goingarian and they do not eat meat or animal proteins. The fish, frozen meat and spicy foods were also not often used by remaining meat eaters. So in order to be triumphful in new market the McDonalds had make some(prenominal) changes to its prime products and needed to use separate instrumental roles and kitchens to make burgers and other products concord to the needs of Indian markets. This all created many problems for the company and company had also incurred many extra costs. This example shows that how compani es have to face self-referencing criterion when expanding their stage business in new international markets.When Unilever started its operations in brazil and treasured to introduce detergents, the biggest issues that company faced ware that people in Brazil dont have swishing machines, in rural areas people used to wash their clothes at the river and most of the population of Brazil was poor and they were very a good deal conscious about the products. So to avoid self-reference criterion the Unilever commencement ceremony organiseed a formula of soap, they made the plastic packing of soaps to handily use while washing clothes on rivers and they made olive-sized packing of detergents in order to low their prices and made them affordable for supreme number of population that have low incomes. This was the most supremacyful tool used by the company to avoid the effects of self-reference criterion and recognize the existence of this influence in our behaviors.It is argued t hat one can never understand deeply each and every aspect of the culture but consciousness about major aspects can be obtained, and he should ask bout that he does not greet and should be open enough to exact the differences. The global awareness can be used as most effective tool to control the effects of self-reference criterion and ensure the success of an international marketing campaign. The global awareness is described by the Cateora et al as to beObjective to understand the opportunities in correct dexterity make correct assessments of makeups potential and design responses to the expected problems. Mostly the westerly companies attracted towards India due to its huge market of more than one billion population and take it as a good opportunity and market with a lot of potential but they ignore the get power and low income factors of the economy of India, the inefficient media, poor distribution, poor and low standard of infrastructures and many other factors that caus e the reduction in potential of this huge markets for many kind of products.Tolerant towards the differences scarper among cultures. It is referred to the understanding of differences prevail among cultures and acceptance of these differences when works in a common working place with those who belongs to polar cultural assort. As in Romania when some Arab businessmen came to visit the country for opportunities and a local student was attached to them as translator. She spent two hebdomad with them to visit the different Romanian cities but she could not adjust herself with their take habits and showed the behavior of lack of tolerance for other cultures.K right awayledgeable of history, cultures, general trends and real potentials of markets. The awareness of culture is very practically important if one privations to retire the behaviors of some particular market place. The basic element of the environment in which the company is going to start its business is culture of that place and consumer behaviors are very overmuch influenced by this. The history of that place is very much important to understand the behaviors of consumers as past events always have bang-up effects on the way people behave in a particular case. By analyzing the history we can understand why British were not in favor of the channel tunnel between France and Britain and why Turkish products are not liked in Greek. The understanding of market potential is important because they are varying very fast. If we see now we will find many regions of the world that showing increasing potential, many markets have emerging trends and most of the European markets have been saturated. In close twenty years the emerging markets from Asia will show huge potentials for future businesses. The understandings of general trends like global political, economical and social trends are very much important because growth process of the market is depend upon these trends. A good marketer will identify t he market opportunities before anyone else could know them.Now it is very much clear that the success of marketing firm is very much dependant on its ability to understand the customers and even more like a life blood for firms that are run at international level. Following are some more examples presumption by Housden and Lewis to develop more understanding of the plan.In China third estate air is used to represent the people who sells vegetables so British go green has no chances to be successful in China.In Brunei the lily-livered color is considered as royal color and its public use is not appreciated.In order to show the sorrow of death purple color is used in Mexico.In china number 8 is taken as lucky number and considered as premium number to take as number of cars but number 4 is considered vice versa.The firms direct at international level must be very much conscious about the translations of their slogans, tag lines or brand names etc in local language of that plac e. If they dont take it seriously it can be very harmful for their marketing campaigns. Hundred of examples can be presented about the unfit selection of Brand names and designs that caused failures because of self-referencing criterion.Superpiss that is a Scandinavian dicer it cannot be translated into side properly.Pschitt is lemonade from France and cannot be advertized in Germany as its proper translation is not likely in German.Bimbo bread and Bum Crisps are brands from Spain and their advertisement is not thinkable in get together States as their names are not delicious there.The slogan of Pepsi Cola Come Alive with Pepsi is not acceptable in china as in Chinese it means Pepsi raises relatives from the dead.In 1966 pile Lee accepted the importance of self-reference criterion for marketing firms and provided an approach of foursome stages in order to mitigate the biases raised by this self-referencing criterion in particular in international marketing.In first shout the problem is delimit on the basis of culture of home country.In second step the problem should be defined again on the basis of culture of the country in which company wants to start operations without involving value judgments. comprise the effects of self-referencing criterion on problem definition and analyze the problem. accordingly problem is redefined without the self-referencing criterion.The importance to understand the effects of self-reference criterion cannot be unmarked by the marketing firm that wants to operate at international level. It can act as life blood for the success of the marketing campaigns intentional by the company and their effectiveness is based on the understanding of the campaigns developers about the culture of the host country.Knowledge of sub-cultural congregations and Market portionationThe segmentation of the market involves the dividing of entire market into small customers groups who have different type of responses for different marketin g strategies for particular service or product. In this way the organization can design the marketing policies according to the particular needs and requirements of each segment in order to have more profitability by more generating favorable responses than by simply applying a single marketing policy for whole market.The market segmentation is mostly done at the level of customers. But in case of international marketing sometimes markets are also segmented on the basis of whole countries by considering the aspects that are common among countries. This type of segmentation is not proved that much successful as countries have great variation in them and it is rugged to take meaningful averages. The most suitable basis that is used to segment the markets is customers and their unique response behaviors or purchasing decisions.Many factors affect the purchasing decisions of customers that are uncontrollable by them but they have indirect or direct influences on the lifestyle of custom ers. Culture is one of these factors that affect the consumer behaviors. It represents the dual-lane beliefs, behaviors and meanings among the members of a society. Whatever we do is based upon these shared behaviors that are transferred in a society from one member to another. It is a wide concept and has not as much importance for marketers as the groups within the culture or sub-cultures.The subculture is consisting of members who have their own values, beliefs and customs within the society that distinguish them from others in same society. Moreover they also obey the major values, beliefs and behaviors of prevailing culture of the whole society. Subculture can be defined as a separate cultural group that prevails in a society as recognizable segment. There can be different types of subcultures prevail in a society like religious subcultures, ethnic subcultures, age subcultures and disabilities subcultures.So the knowledge of subcultures is very much important for marketers wh ile segmenting their markets in little groups. Because the goal of all the efforts of marketers are to convince the customers to buy their brands and a very effective tool that is usually used by them to achieve this goal is cultural representations. By using this tool it is believed that when products relates to the cultural values the customers looking more comfortable. The marketers put a lot of efforts to understand the differences and similarities prevail in these sub cultural groups. They design their marketing policies for these cultural groups and try to attract them towards the product by aligning the product with the values and beliefs of their subculture. Although it is difficult to develop effective marketing policy for different subcultures, they must put their efforts to get sufficient knowledge about the similarities and differences among these groups in order to capitalize them.The importance of knowledge of subcultures for marketers while segmenting the markets ca n be very well understand by discussing the example of a Cigarette manufacturer who wants design the marketing policy for the subcultures groups of United States. The whole market of United States is divided in three sub-cultural groups of African American, Hispanics and Asians.The one big common factor in Hispanics, African Americans and Asians is that they are minorities in the United States. The first ever minority that migrated to United States is African Americans and after great struggle now they are considered as an important sub-cultural group of America because of their toilsome influence on politics and culture. The Hispanics is the largest minority of United Stated although they could not gain that much influence on American politics and culture as African Americans. This subculture has many similarities like language, food, political views and religion but this is a passing divided subculture. Just like Hispanics, Asians is also a subculture group that is super divid ed but they dont have as much similarities as Hispanics has. A big challenge for the companys marketers is to design the marketing policies that best align with the norms and values of these subcultures by indentifying the differences and similarities of these sub-cultural groups.Differences Among subculturesAfrican AmericansAfrican American is most organized and strong sub-cultural group of United States. However they belong to different cultures of Africa but they lived many years under ethnic discrimination and efforts of many years have united them now. Today the presence of African Americans can be seen in Music, Sports and even in Politics with great influence. Now they are considered a strong group of America and they are showing their success not only politically but also by material possessions in the form of jewelry, luxury vehicles and recognition in public.HispanicsThis is a subculture group of United States with high diversities but according to CBS News, 2003 they also have a largest population of minority in United States. They belong to more than 20 different countries and cultures. They are more concerned with religion and families and most of them belong to Catholic thoughts. The number of Hispanics is increasing due to more immigrants every year and they want acceptance in the society as a strong potent group.AsiansThe challenges faced by Asian are not different from Hispanics Asian is even more diversified subculture group because they differ in religion, language, food and even in facial features. The members of this group belongs to the countries of China, Japan, India and Thailand and these all countries differ in languages, eating habits and even in facial features. One common thing that all Asians have who immigrate to United States is that want to achieve a better lifestyle so their more intentions are towards the achievement of success and they are mostly involved in entrepreneurial activities.Marketing Strategies to cross Subcultu resThe knowledge of sub-cultural groups for marketers has great significance while designing marketing strategies to hindquarters these groups. As the African Americans have goals to be most successful individuals the need of the cigarette marketers is to design the strategy that focuses on assigning a sniff out of uniqueness, class and sophistication for all those customers who will be smoking that cigarette. So the association of the brand with any public and extremely successful African American will give a very much irrefutable response for the brand. On other hand the Hispanics more concerned with belongingness and family so the strategy that more focuses on an image of traditions and trust factors will have more positive results. The thing that needs more attentions of marketers is that this group is highly diversified group and differs in status as well. The use of language will also be very much critical towards the success of campaign for this group. In case of Asians t his subculture is considered as low profile group and strategy that will best suit for this group will be focused on respect of individual identity and traditions. The languages used for this group will more suitable if native language will be used.The success of an effective segmentation and a good marketing strategy is highly based on the knowledge of the marketer about the subcultures prevail in the society. People belongs to different subcultures differ from each others in many terms. They differ in their languages, their ages, their eating habits, beliefs, and even in facial features. So to design a well aligned marketing strategy the marketer should have sufficient knowledge of the sub cultural groups of the society.